A new education system is required for the information-oriented society of the 21st century. Science education also must be revised so that students can study in self-directed (or active) learning system with strengthened STS articles. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the active learning program with available STS articles in the science curriculum of middle school. We tested 192 eighth graders who were divided into the two experimental and two control groups, respectively. The experimental ones were taught through self-directed learning with the STS, while the control through conventional lecture. The self-directed learning was more effective in changing students' attitude related to science. Especially, the experimental groups showed the significant differences in both `concern to the science' and `scientific attitude'. While the outstanding students who ranked in the upper thirty percent showed a meaningful development in ` scientific attitude' , the below-average students who ranked in the lower thirty percent were remarkably improved in ` attitude concerning science'. There was no significant difference in improving the skills for science progress between the experimental and control groups. However, compared to the conventional lecture, the self-directed learning enhanced the ability in `prediction' . Thus, if students get more chances to study in self-directed method which let them discuss their concerns and work for themselves, they will possibly take a positive attitude to science and improve their research and inquiry ability. It is necessary for teachers to develop the student-emphasized class models and programs, and the evaluation suitable for our educational circumstances, which in turn may encourage students for active feedback.

The purpose of this study was to inquiry how much elementary students' reading ability has relations with science process skills and science achievement. Generally laboratory activity and science process skills have been emphasized, on the other hand, reading activity and reading ability have been neglected by science educators for nearly 30 years. But reading a text is not simply a process of decoding printed symbols; it is a process of thinking involved manifold factors. Under this recognition, some science educators have steadily researched into reading. The interesting thing out of them is pros and cons about correspondence between science process skills and reading skills. Therefore, in order to investigate the relationships between reading ability, science process skills, and science achievement, grade 5 students (N=I15) were selected from one elementary school in Inchon and then they were required to respond to tests (which assess reading abilities, science process skills, and science achievement). The results of this study appeared to indicate that reading ability has significant relations with science process skills and science achievement. Probably, the proper using of scientific written materials, as problem-solving activity, will provide students with opportunities that they can practice science process skills and obtain the scientific knowledge.

Interests and understandings of earth science teachers and high school students on fossils and their relationships between teachers and students are analyzed in this study. Earth science teachers' and high school students' interests on fossils in textbook are lower than those on fossils themselves. Teachers' interests on fossils are positively correlated with students' interests on fossils. The percentage of right answers to problems on fossils is very low, 44.4% in teachers and 20.0% in students. Teachers' understandings on fossils are positively correlated with students' understandings on fossils. To increase interests and understandings of earth science teachers and high school students on fossils, research on earth science textbooks and improvement of teaching methods with diverse teaching materials seem to be necessary.

The fossil-related contents in 18 textbooks of Earth Science I, II published according to the sixth high school curriculum are investigated. For this study, the comments, drawings and scales, geologic ages, and explanations about fossils in the textbooks are analyzed. As the results of this study, there is much discrepancy in fossil-related terms and little explanation about fossils. There are also some errors on the geologic ages, explanations, drawings and scale of fossils in textbooks. The results of this study should be used as a reference for science textbook publishing, science curriculum developing, and effective teaching in the high school.

The content of major and trace elements, Rb-Sr isochron age and Sr-Nd isotope composition were determined for hornblende-biotite granodiorite in the Cheongsan area, the southeastern part of the Ogcheon Fold Belt, Korea. The hornblendebiotite granodiorite intrudes the shale zone of the Pyongan supergroup, and is in contact with the Cheongsan granite by a fault. The geochemical characteristics of this hornblende-biotite granodiorite indicate to have crystallized from a calc-alkaline series and to have been enriched in alkali elements by magmatic differentiation. 'they appear to be formed at the environment of continental or island arc. The isotopic compositions of the hornblende-biotite granodiorite give a defined Rb-Sr whole rock isochron age of 305±22 Ma(2σ) corresponding to the Carboniferous period with the Sr initial ratio of 0.70920±0.00013. ^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd ratios, εNd and εSr values range from 0.511753 to 0.511902, -10.4∼-13.4, and +67.5∼+77.5, respectively. Model ages were calculated to be 1.61.9 Ga. The isotopic data of hornblende-biotite granodiorites in the study area indicates that their source material may have been derived from partial melting of continental crust materials.

The shear-wave splittings in direct S and reflected ScS for deep focus earthquakes and SKS for teleseismic data phases are investigated at the six broadband stations in the vicinity of the Korean Peninsula. We used direct S waves and reflected ScS waves for deep-focus earthquakes in the epicentral range of Δ≤5 and 10 ≤Δ≤30 respectively and refracted SKS in the epicentral range of 85 ≤Δ≤110 to determine fast shear-wave directions and delay times between two split shear waves. We apply aspect-ratio method (Shih et al., 1989) for analyses of S and ScS splittings and transverse energy minimization (Silver and Chan, 1988) for SKS splittings. The direction of fast shear-waves tends to be mostly NW-SE, which is parallel to the regional tectonic stress direction in the continent, and the split times are estimated as about 0.4∼1.0 sec except MAJO and MDJ which have over 1.0 sec. Thicknesses of anisotropic layer are estimated approximately as 52∼253 km, assuming that the effective degree of anisotropy is 4%. The results show that the motion of Pacific plate affects subcrustal anisotropy probably in upper mantle and reflect the direction of stress due to plate motion. NE-SW of fast direction is determined at SEO and PHN. It may be related to the steep dipping of the Pacific plate. It may also seem to be the effect of tectonic processes such as progenies, rifting episodes, and strike-slip deformation in the Korean Peninsula. In analysis methods, aspect-ratio method was not proper for teleseismic data whose period were long, and trasverse energy minimization could be applied to data with various azimuths due to restriction to only the teleseismic data whose distance rage was 85?110 in this study.

The Ilkwang Cu-W breccia-pipe deposit and the hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblages occur in association with a small quartz monzonitic stock located at the southeastern Kyongsang Basin. The stock is altered to propylitized and sericitized granitic rocks at the deposit. The alteration is characterized by a decrease in Ca, Na, Sr and an increase in Si and Rb. The altered granitic rocks show an depletion of HREEs ((Ce/Yb)_(CN) = 5.97-11.46) and the moderate negarive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*=0.34-0.77). The REE patterns of hydrothermal calcite are characterized by the relative enrichment of HREE ((Ce/Yb)_(CN) = 1.88-3.48) and the positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=1.2s-4.87). Apart from positive Eu anomalies in calcite, the similarity in REE patterns and their relatively high REE contents indicate a genetic link between calcite and host rocks. There are at least two types of fluids responsible for the alteration in the Ilkwang stock: a low-density, CO₂-rich fluid of a vapor phase and a high-density, high saline fluid of a liquid phase. Hydrothermal activity represented by a low-density, CO₂ rich fluid appears to have been widespread, whereas a high-density, high-salinity fluid is mainly restricted to the sericite zone rocks. The depletion of HREE for granitic rocks was resulted from the preferential extraction of HREE by a low-density, CO₂-rich fluid, which formed the propylitic alteration and precipitated tourmaline and garnet. Positive Eu anomalies in calcite were caused by the precipitation from high-salinity solutions which already had developed Eu anomalies owing to the alteration of feldspar. The saline fluid also produced the sericitic alteration.

Serpentinites of Weolhyeon serpentine ore deposits occur mainly in unknown age granite gneiss as NNE trending lenticular body. Northern serpentine ore body extend for about 2s0 m long and have maximum width of about 80 m, and southern ore body extend for about 142 m and have maximum width of about 60 m. Most country rocks very contacted with serpentinite are amphibole schists. Weolhyeon serpentinites are mainly composed of more than 50% serpentine, but partly have original minerals such as olivine, pyroxene and hornblende, and these minerals were serpentinized along the crystal boundaries and/or cracks in the crystals. By the combination of the developed degrees of foliations and contents of pnrphyroblasts, the serpentinites are classfied as s groups. Also, there are partially some serpentinized peridotites which have more than 50% original minerals. The setpentinites and serpentinized peridotites have high SiO₂(38.97∼40.33 wt.%) and MgO(44.88∼51.04 wt.%) with a small amount Fe₂O₃*(7.28∼11.90 wt%) and have high Cr(1524∼3008 ppm) and Ni(1258∼2045 ppm) in minor elements. In serpentinites and serpentinized peridotites, all olivines belong to forsterite, and all pyroxenes belong to enstatite, pigeonite and augite. Also, it is considered that the original rocks of Weolhyeon serpentinites was mantle origin ultramafic rocks such as dunite, pyroxene peridotite and pyroxene-hornblende peridotite, and main serpentinization of Weolhyeon serpentinites from these original rocks was formed by the regional metamorphism of greenschist to amphibolite fades.

The Middle Carboniferous Manhang and Geumcheon formations in Danyang area consist of sandstones, shales, and limestones. The limestones of the formations contain abundant conodonts, fusulinids, corals, crinoids, ostracods, gastropods, etc. This study was carried out to investigate conodonts of the formations systematically, to establish their detailed biostratigraphy, and to determine the geologic age of the formations in detail. Conodonts found from limestones of the Manhang Formation are Neognathodus bothrops, Hindeodus minutes, Idiognathoides opimus, I. sinuatus, Diplognathodus coloradoensis, D. ellesmerensis, D. orphanus, Declinognathodus lateralis, D. noduliferus, Neogondolella clarld, Idiognathndus delicatus, and Streptognathodus elegantulus. Based on these conodonts, the Neognathodus bothrops Zone was established. These conodonts and the biozone indicate that the geologic age of the Manhang Formation is the Atokan age of the Middle Carboniferous. Conodonts from the limestones of the Geumcheon Formation are Neognathodus medexultimus, N. roundyi, N. dilates, Gondolella bells, Diplognathodus coloradoensis, D. edentulus, D. papilla, Hindeodus minutes, Idiognathodus delicatus, and Streptognathodus elegantulus. Based on these conodonts, the Neognathodus roundyi Zone was established. These conodonts and the biozone indicate that the geologic age of the Geumcheon Formation is Desmoinesian age of the Middle Carboniferous.