Monolayer Rotating Ball Electronic Paper Display

Optically anisotropic rotating balls were disposed in a monolayer, and controllably closely packed with respect to one another in the monolayer. The close packed monolayer configuration provided high brightness and improved contrast. The monolayer rotating ball display (MRB) electrically demonstrated a fast response time of approximately 40 msec at a voltage of 30 V. Measurements of the rotation as a function of voltage led to surface charge density for the balls in the range of 3-4 ${\mu}C/m^2$.