Abstract
The purpose of the study was to find out possible ways for increasing farm income through the sheep and Korean native goats farming, and to investigate meat productivity, wool productivity; woolskin utility, physiological characteristics and correlation between economical college animal farm of the Chungnam National University and sample farms in the suburbs of Dae jeon City were selected for feeding 20 heads of Corriedale wethers and another 20 heads Korean native kids as research materials for the periods of 5th May-26th November, 1977. The data such as growth rate, carcass, viscera weight, blood picture and plamsa components, hebage intake and economic traits were obtained and analysed. The result of the study are summarized as follows: 1. Meat production and quality 1) After 196days of feeding, the body weight of sheep and Korean native goats was increased by two times of those at the beginning of the trial, i.e. 20kg and 8kg respectively. 2) There was no significance of growth rates of sheep in housing and grazing. 3) The growth rate of Korean native goats were excellent at the mountainous areas of Gong ju-Gun where infectious diseases were not found 4) Accroding to the body measurements of 18-month-old sheep, percentages of hip height, body length, rump length, chest depth, chest width, hip width, chest girth and forearm circumference to the withers height were 103,%, 104%, 33%, 44%, 31%, 23%, 135% and 15% respectively, and those of hip height, body length, chest depth and chest girth of 8-month-old native goats to the withers height were 106%, 109%, 46% and 122,% respecitively. As a result, it was found that the percentage of hip height, body length and chest depth of Korean native goats were higher than those of sheep while that of the chest girth of goats was lower. 5) In the carcass data, 47, $52{\pm}2.27%$ of carcass percentage, $34.61{\pm}1.62%$ of lean meat, $26.07{\pm}2.51%$ of viscera, $9.75{\pm}1.4%$ of bone, and $20.95%{\pm}2.14%$ of woolskin for sheep, and $45.58{\pm}5.63%$ of carcass percentage, $27.62{\p}3.81%$ of meat, $34.86{\pm}4.16%$ of viscera, $11.66{\pm}1.83%$ of bone, $3.63{\pm}1.61%$ of skull and $9.26{\pm}2.41%$ of woolskin for native goats were obtained. 6) The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash in native goat meat were much similar in both plots of housing and grazing. It was, however, known that the contents of moisture and protein were higher in grazinrg than in housing, while fat content was lower in grazing plots. 7) The weights of visceral organs shown similar tendency for both of sheep and native goats. For the weights of liver, heart, kidney and spleen, significance was not reconized among the treatments. Those of rumen, reticulum, small and large intestine were heavier in grazing than in housing, while the amount of visceral fat was heavier in housing. 2. Wool productivity and woolskin 1) The wool production of sheep for 7 months was $3.88{\pm}1.02kg$, and wool percentage, staple length, straighten length, wool growth per day and number of crimps were $9.27{\pm}1.48%$, 8. $47{\pm}1.00cm$, $10.63{\pm}0.99cm$, $0.40{\pm}0.04cm$ and $2.78{\pm}0.40$ respecitively. 2) The tensile strength and tear strength of woolskin treated by alum tanning were highest on the skin obtained from rump, i.e. $1,351kg/mm^2$ and $2,252kg/mm^2$ respectively, and they are in order of loin and shoulder. 3. Utilization and improvement of pasture. 1) The difference of herbage intake of native goats was not recognized between grazing and tethering, but the intake in the afternoon was s lightly higher than that in the morning. However the hervage intake of sheep was superior in grazing and in the afternoon. 2) The cultivation effect was lower in the native goat plots due to their cultivation abilities, in other words, the establishment rates of pasture by hoof cultivation were 60.25% in the goat plots and 77.35% in the sheep plots. 4. Correlation among economical traits. 1) The correlation between live weight of sheep and daily gain was higher. On the other hand, the correlation between other traits was not significant except that live weight, daily gain and lean meat percentage to the length of thoracic vertebrae. The live weight of native goats and meat production were highly correlated, and high correlation was also found between weights of carcass and meat. However, negative correlation was shown between viscera weight and live weight as well as daily gain. 2) The correlatoin between fleece weight of sheep and other traits such as live weight, daily gain and fleece percentage is very high at the 1% siginficant level, and this means that rapid-growth individuals can produce much fleece. 3) The correlation between the factors such as weights of live body, lean meat and viscera of sheep and body measurements, i. e. chest girth and body length was highest, and weights, of carcass and lean meat was highly correlated to chest width and depth. It will be therefore reasonable that the meat productivity estimates will have to be made on the basis of chest girth and body length. The meat production traits of native goats were highly correlated to the most of body measurement data, and the correlation coefficient between chest girth and weights of live body, carcass, lean meat and bone percentage was very high, i. e. 0.992-0.974 in particular. The correlations of meat production traits to chest depth, forearm circumference, body length were 0.759-0.911, 0.759-0.909 and 0.708-0.872 respectively. Therefore, the meat production of native goats will have to be estimated on the basis of chest data. 5. Blood picture and plasma components. 1) The number of erythrocyte and MCHC of native goats were $12.93{\times}10^6/mm^3$ and 36.14%, and those of sheep were $10.68{\times}10^6/mm^3$ and 36.26 respectively. The values of native goats were significantly higher than those of sheep. 2) The hemoglobin concentration, PVC, MCV and MCR of native goats were 10.92 g/100ml, $23.40{\mu}^3$ and 10.94 pg, and those of sheep were 11.73 g/100ml, 36.25 ml/100ml, $33.97{\mu}^3$ and 30.2 ml/100ml 8.43 pg respectively. The values of native goats were significantly lower those of sheep. 3) The number of leukocytes of native goats was significantly higher than that of sheep, that is, $11.64{\times}10^3/mm^3$ in native goats and $9.32{\times}10^3/mm^3$ in sheep. 4) In differential count of leukocyte, neutrophil was significantly high in native goats while lympocyte in sheep. On the other hand, the basophil, eosinophil and monocyte were not significant between native goats and sheep. 5) The amounts of total protein and glucose in the plasma of native goats were 6.2g/100ml and 53.6mg/100ml, and those of sheep were 5.6g/100ml and 45.7mg/100ml, which means that the values of native goats were significantly higher that those of sheep. The amount of total-lipid of native goats(127.6mg/100ml) was significantly than that of sheep(149.6mg/100ml). 6) The amount of non-protein nitrogen, cholesterol, Ca, P, K, Na and Cl were not different between native goats and sheep. 6. Economic analysis. 1) The gross revenue of a farm which fed native goats and sheep was 4,000won per head and the optimum size for feeding them in a farm as a subsidiary work is 5-10 heads. 2) Since there was no difference between housing and grazing, they can be fed in group for farm's subsidiary work. 3) They can be also fed by youths and house wives in the suburbs of cities, because labour requirement is estimated as only two hours per days for feeding 5 heads of native goats and sheep.
본(本) 시험(試驗)은 농가(農家)에서 부업(副業)으로 면양(緬羊)과 산양(山羊)을 사육(飼育)하여 농가수입(農家收入)을 향상(向上)시킬 수 있는 방안(方案)으로 모색(摸索)하고 아울러 면(緬) 산양(山羊)의 산육성(産育性), 산모성(産毛性), 모피이용성(毛皮利用性), 생리적(生理的) 특성(特性) 및 각(各) 경제형질간(經濟形質間)의 상호관계(相互關係)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 1977년(年) 5월(月) 5일(日)부터 1977년(年) 11월(月) 26일(日)까지 충남대학교(忠南大學校) 농과대학(農科大學) 부속동물사육장(附屬動物飼育場)과 대전근교(大田近郊)의 농가(農家)를 선정(選定)하여 양(羊)의 발육성적(發育成績), 도체성적(屠體成績), 내장중량(內臟重量), 혈액(血液) 및 혈장성분(血漿成分), 채식성(採食性), 경제성(經濟性)을 분석(分析)하고 아울러 각(各) 경제형질간(經濟形質間)의 상관(相關)을 산출(算出)하여 비교검토(比較檢討)하였다. 본(本) 시험(試驗)에서 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 산육성(産肉性) 및 육질(肉質) 1) 면양(緬羊)고 산양(山羊)의 발육성적(發育成績)은 196일간(日間)을 사육(飼育)한 결과(結果), 시험개시시(試驗開始時) 평균(平均) 체중(體重) 20kg와 8kg의 2배(倍)로 각각(各各) 증가(增加)되었다. 2) 면양(緬羊)은 사사구(舍飼區)와 방목구간(放牧區間)의 증체량(增體量)에 유의적(有意的) 차이(差異)가 없었다. 3) 산양(山羊)의 사육(飼育)은 전염성(傳染性) 질병(疾病)의 오염(汚染)이 없는 공주군(公州郡) 야산지대(野山地帶)에서 발육성적(發育成績)이 양호(良好)하였다. 4) 면양(緬羊)의 18개월령(個月齡) 체척측정치(體尺測定値)에서 체고(體高)에 대(對)한 비율(比率)은 십자부고(十字部高) 103%, 체장(體長) 104%, 흉심(胸心) 44%, 흉폭(胸幅) 31%, 요각폭(腰角幅) 23%, 흉위(胸圍) 135%, 전관위(前管圍) 15%였다. 재래산양(在來山羊)은 8개월령(個月齡)에서 십자부고(十字部高) 106%, 체장(體長) 109%, 흉심(胸深) 46%, 흉위(胸圍) 122%로서 면양(緬羊)보다 십자부고(十字部高), 체장(體長)과 흉심(胸心)의 비율(比率)이 높았으나 흉위(胸圍)의 비율(比率)은 낮았다. 5) 도체성적(屠體成績)에서 면양(緬羊)은 도체율(屠體率)은 $47.52{\pm}2.27%$, 골격비율(骨格比率) $9.75{\pm}1.49%$, 두골비율(頭骨比率) $2.68{\pm}0.42%$, 피모비율(皮毛比率) $20.95{\pm}2.14%$였으며, 재래산양(在來山羊)에서는 도체율(屠體率) $45.58{\pm}5.63%$, 정육율(精肉率) $27.62{\pm}3.81%$, 내장비율(內臟比率) $34.86{\pm}4.16%$, 골격(骨格), 두골(頭骨), 피모비율(皮毛比率)이 각각(各各) $11.66{\pm}1.86%$, $3.63{\pm}1.61%$, $9.26{\pm}2.41%$이었다. 6) 한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊)을 방목사사(放牧舍飼)할 경우 생산(生産)되는 도육(屠肉)의 수분(水分), 조단백(粗蛋白), 조지방(粗脂肪), 조회분(粗灰分) 함량(含量)은 근사(近似)한 차이(差異)를 나타내었다. 또한 방목(放牧) 및 사사(舍飼)한 면양도육(緬羊屠肉)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 방목구(放牧區)는 사사구(舍飼區)에 비하여 수분(水分) 및 단백질함량(蛋白質含量)이 높고 지방함량(脂肪含量)은 감소(減少)하였다. 7) 각(各) 내장(內臟)의 중량(重量)은 면양(緬羊)과 재래산양(在來山羊)이 비교적(比較的) 유사(類似)한 변화(變化) 경향(傾向)을 보였는데 간장(肝臟), 심장(心臟), 신장(腎臟), 비장(脾臟)은 비교군간(比較群間)에 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되지 않았으며, 제(第)1 제(第) 2위(胃) 및 대(大), 소장(小腸)은 방목구(放牧區)가 사사구(舍飼區)에 비(比)하여 유의(有意)하게 높은 값을 나타냈고 복강내(腹腔內)의 지방량(脂肪量)은 사사구(舍飼區)가 방목구(放牧區)보다 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되는 높은 값을 나타냈다. 2. 산모성(産毛性) 및 모피(毛皮) 1) 7개월간(個月間) 사육(飼育)한 면양(緬羊)의 산모량(産毛量)은 $3.88{\pm}1.02kg$였으며 산모량(産毛量)은 $9.27{\pm}1.48%$, 모속량(毛束量)) $8.47{\pm}1.00cm$ 직선모장(直線毛長) $10.63{\pm}0.99cm$, 1일(日) 모성장(毛成長)은 $0.40{\pm}0.44cm$ Crimp수(數)는 $2.78{\pm}0.40$이였다. 2) 면양모피(緬羊毛皮)를 명(明)유제하여 부위별(部位別)로 항장력(抗長力) 및 인열강도(引裂强度)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果) 둔부(臀部)가 항장력(抗張力) $1.35kg/mm^2$ 인열력(引裂力) $2.252kg/mm^2$로서 가장 강(强)하였으며 배부(背夫), 견부(肩部)의 순위(順位)로로 항장력(抗張力) 및 인열력(引裂力)을 나타내었다. 3. 초지(草地)의 이용(利用) 및 개량(改良) 1) 재래산양(在來山羊)의 방목(放牧) 및 계목시(繫牧時)의 채식량(採食量)은 오전(午前)에 비하여 오후(午後)가 많았으며 방목(放牧) 및 계목간(繫牧間)에는 큰 차이(差異)를 나타내지 않았다. 면양(緬羊)의 방목(放牧)과 계목시(繫牧時)의 채식량(採食量)은 방목(放牧)이 계목(繫牧)보다 우수하였으며 오전9午前)에 비(比)하여 오후(午後)가 다량(多量) 채식(採食)하였다. 2) 재래산양(在來山羊)과 면양(緬羊)을 이용(利用)하여 제경조성(蹄耕造成)한 목초지(牧草地)의 정착상태(定着狀態)를 조사(調査)한 결과 재래산양구(在來山羊區)는 6025% 면양구(緬羊區)는 77.35%로서 면양(緬羊)의 이용(利用)이 우수(優秀)하였고 재래산양(在來山羊)은 방목력(放牧力)의 부족(不足)으로 제경효과(蹄耕效果)가 적었다. 4. 각(各) 경제형질(經濟形質)의 상관(相關) 1) 면양(緬羊)의 산육성(産肉性)과 여러 형질(形質)사이의 상관(相關)은 생체중(生體重)과 일당증체량간(日當增體量間)에 높은 상관(相關)을 보여 주었고 기타(其他) 형질(形質)사이에서는 별로 상관(相關)이 없었으나 흉추(胸椎)길이와 생체중(生體重), 일단증체량(日當增體量), 정육율간(精肉率間)에서는 비교적(比較的) 높은 상관(相關)이 나타나고 있다. 재래산양(在來山羊)에 잇어서는 생체중(生體重)과 일당(日當) 증체량(增體量) 사이에 높은 상관(相關)이 있었으며 도체중(屠體重)과 정육량(精肉量) 사이에도 비교적(比較的) 높은 상관(相關)이 있었으나 내장중(內臟重)과 생체중(生體重), 일당(日當) 증체량(增體量) 사이에는 부(負)의 상관(相關)을 보여주고 있다. 2) 면양(緬羊)의 산모성(産毛性) 형질(形質) 상호간(相互間)의 상관(相關)에서는 산모량(産毛量)과 생체중(生體重), 일당(日當) 증체량(增體量), 산모율간(産毛率間)에 1% 수준(水準)에서 높은 상관(相關)을 나타내고 있어 성장(成長)이 빠른 개체에 산모량(産毛量)도 많다는 것을 추정할 수 있었다. 3) 산육성(産肉性) 형질(形質)과 체척측정치(體尺測定値) 사이의 상관(相關)은 면양(緬羊)에서는 생체중(生體重), 정육중(精肉重), 내장중(內臟重)과 흉위(胸圍), 체장(體長)사이에서 제일 높았고, 도체중(屠體重), 정육중(精肉重)과 비교적(比較的) 높은 부위(部位)는 흉폭(胸幅), 흉심(胸深)이었다. 따라서 면양(緬羊)의 체척측정(體尺測定)에 중점(重點)을 두는 것이 유효(有效)할 것으로 생각된다. 재래산양(在來山羊)의 산육성(産肉性) 형질(形質)과 체척측정치(體尺測定値) 사이에는 체척부위(體尺部位)의 대부분이 산육성형질(産肉性形質)과 높은 상관(相關)을 나타내고 있으며 특히 흉위(胸圍)와 생체중(生體重), 도체중(屠體重), 정육중(精肉重), 골격비율(骨格比率)사이에서는 0.922~0.974의 높은 상관(相關)을 보여주고 있다. 한편 산육성(産肉性) 형질(形質)과 흉심(胸深), 전관위(前管威), 체장(體長)사이에도 각각(各各) 0.759~0.911, 0.759~0.909, 0.708~0.872의 비교적(比較的) 높은 상관(相關)을 나타내고 있다. 따라서 재래산양(在來山羊)에 대한 산육성(産肉性) 추정(推定)은 흉부(胸部)에 대한 c체척치(體尺値)가 상당히 큰 의의(意義)가 있을 것으로 본다. 5. 혈액상(血液像) 및 혈장성분(血漿成分) 1) 적혈구수(赤血球數)와 평균(平均) 혈색소농도(血色素濃度)는 재래산양(在來山羊)이 각각(各各) $12.93{\times}10^6/mm^3$와 36.26%에 대하여 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되는 높은 값을 나타냈다. 2) 혈색소량(血色素量), 적혈구용적(赤血球容積), 평균(平均) 적혈구용적(赤血球容積) 및 평균혈색소량(平均血色素量)은 재래산양(在來山羊)이 각각(各各) 10.92g/100ml, 3.02ml/100ml, $23.40{\mu}^3$ 및 10.94pg로서 면양(緬羊)의 11.73g/100ml, 36.25ml/ml, $33.97{\mu}^3$ 및 8.43pg에 비하여 낮은 값을 나타냈는데 모두 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었다. 3) 백혈구(白血球)의 수(數)는 재래산양(在來山羊)이 $11.64{\times}10^3/mm^3$을 나타내어 면양(緬羊) $9.32{\times}10^3/mm^3$보다 유의(有意)하게 높은 값을 나타냈다. 4) 백혈구(白血球)의 감별(鑑別) 수(數)에 있어서 호염구(好鹽球)는 재래산양(在來山羊)이 임파구(淋巴球)는 면양(緬羊)이 유의(有意)학 높은 값을 나타냈으며 호염구(好鹽區), 호산구(好酸球) 및 단핵구(單核球)는 차이(差異)가 없었다. 5) 혈장중(血漿中)에 함유(含有)되어 있는 총단백질(總蛋白質)과 포도당(葡萄糖)의 양(量)은 재래산양(在來山羊)이 각각(各各) 62g/100ml와 53.6mg/100ml로서 면양(緬羊)의 5.6g/100ml와 45.7mg/100ml보다 유의(有意)하게 높은 값을 나타냈으며, 총지질(總脂質)의 양(量)은 재래산양(在來山羊)이 127.6mg/100ml로서 면양(緬羊)의 149.6mg/100ml보다 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되는 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 6) 비단백질태질소화합물(非蛋白質態窒素化合物), Cholesterol, Ca, P, K, Na 및 Cl의 함량(含量)은 면양(緬羊)과 산양간(山羊間)에 차이(差異)가 없었다. 6. 경제성분석(經濟性分析) 1) 면양(緬羊)과 산양(山羊)을 196일간(日間) 사육(飼育)하였을 때 농가수익(農家收益)은 1두당(頭當) 4,000원 정도(程度)였으며 농가(農家)에서 부업(副業)으로 사육(飼育)할 수 있는 적정규모(適正規模)는 5~10두(頭)이다.
(Dept. of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Chungnam Univ.)
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