Abstract
This study was carried out to define the effects of external factors including temperature, moisture, oxygen and light quality on the germination of sesame seeds and to investigate the change of major chemical constituents of seeds during germination. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The average germination ratio was from 95.8% to 97.2% when it was tested every $5^{\circ}C$ intervals from $20^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$ and no significant difference in germination ratio was found within $20^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$. But the germination ratio dropped rapidly to 32.2% when seeds were germinated at $15^{\circ}C$ and the coefficient of variation become greater(77%) 2. The days required for germination ranged from 1.16 to 1. 64 at the temperatures of $35^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ and they were 3.07 and 10.4 at the temperatures of $20^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$, respectively. 3. Considering the germination ratio and days needed, $15^{\circ}C$ was assumed to be the minimum temperature for germination practically and this temperature is recommended for testing low temperature tolerance of seed germination of sesame cultivars. 4. The varieties shown the highest low temperature tolerance were Shirogoma and Turkey. The next varieties shown some degree of low temperature germination were Suweon #29, Naebok and IS 58. The varieties with 70 to 80% of germination ratio were Maepo, Suweon #14, Kimpo, Moondeok, and Haenam. Among the 90 varieties tested, the varieties with comparatively high degree of low temperature tolerance were about 10%, and 70% of the low temperature tolerant varieties were domestic varieties. 5. At $12^{\circ}C$ the Shirogoma was the only variety which showed over 50% of germination ratio, 71.4% of the varieties showed less than 20% of germination ratio. When the temperature was raised to $27^{\circ}C$ 18 days after placement at $12^{\circ}C$ all the varieties showed over 90% of germination ratio within 2days. 6. The amounts of water imbibition needed for seed germination were 0.48 to 0.62 times of the seed dry weight at $25^{\circ}C$ and were significantly different among sesame cultivars. About 63% of water required for germination was imbibed in 2 hours after placement of seeds under the germination condition. 7. Under saturated moisture condition the average germination ratio was 0.42%. In the soil of which water potential was -0.4bar 64.8% of the seeds germinated and the most adequate soil water potential for sesame seed germination was about -0.4 to -5.5 bar. The germination ratio decreased as the soil water potential declined below -5.5 bar. 8. Six out of 10 varieties were not influenced by 5% of oxygen in air germination chamber, while varieties such as Yecheon, PI 158073, IS 103 and Euisangcheon showed 64 to 91% of germination under the 5% oxygen content. Under anaerobic condition, cotyledones were not emerged but only hypocotyl was emerged and elongated. The germination ratio of IS 103 decreased significantly under anaerobic condition. 9. When the seeds were dried for 24 hours after 12 hours imbibition of water, the seeds of Cheongsong did not lose their germination ability and 27.5% was germinated but Suweon #9 and Early Russian failed to germinate. However, the germination ratio of IS 103 decreased when the seed were dried 24 hours after 4 hours imbibition of water and the germination ability of IS 103 was maintained even though the seeds were dried for 24 hours after 24 hours imbibition of water. 10. During germination, sugar content of sesame seed increased rapidly and activity of ${\alpha}$-amylase increased gradually while starch content decreased significantly. The rates of increase in sugar content and enzyme activity and decrease in starch content were significantly lower at $15^{\circ}C$ compared with those at $25^{\circ}C$. 11. During germination of sesame seeds, lipid content in the seeds dropped rapidly and the activity of alkaline lipase increased significantly at early stage of germination. The rate of decrease in lipid content and increase in emzyme activity was lower at $15^{\circ}C$ than at $25^{\circ}C$. 12. Four out of 6 varieties were not affected in germination by light wave length. But Suweon #8 was inhibited in germination by 600-650nm. and IS 103 by 600 to 650nm and 500 to 550nm of light wave length. Suweon #8 showed high germination ratio under 650 to 760 nm and 500 to 560nm, and IS 103 under 400 to 470nm and complete darkness. 13. The germination ratios increased significantly in the seeds of which 1000 grain weight is heavier. When the seeds were placed at soil 4cm deep, Cheongsong and Early Russian failed to emerge their cotyledones, but Suweon #9 and IS 103 showed 32.5 and 50% cotyledone emergence, respectively. The extracts from sesame plant and soil where the sesame was cultivated previously did not affect in the-germination of sesame seeds. 14. The covering by black or transparent polyethylene films increased germination ratio compared with uncovered seeds. The covering was effective in shortening the days needed for germination and in improving the early seedling growth, number of capsules per plant and grain yield. Difference was not so seizable between the two polyethylene films but the transparent film appeared somewhat more effective than the black one. 15. Simcheon, Cheongsong. Suweon #9. PI 158073 and IS 103 showed lower rate of water absorbtion by seed during germination and Suweon #8, Suweon #26, Orotall and Euisangcheon showed high increase in seed weight after water absorbtion by seed.
본(本) 연구(硏究)는 참깨종자(種子)의 발아(發芽)에 미치는 온도(溫度), 수분(水分), 산소(酸素) 및 관(光) 등(等)의 외적(外的) 조건(條件)의 영향(影響) 발아진행중(發芽進行中)의 종자내(種子內) 물질변화(物質變化)를 구명(究明)하고져 수행(遂行) 되었던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. $35^{\circ}C$부터 $5^{\circ}C$ 간격(間隔)으로 $20^{\circ}C$까지는 평균(平均) 95.8~97.2%의 발아율(發芽率)을 보였고 이들 온도간(溫度間)에는 평균발아율(平均發芽率)의 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되지 않았으나 $15^{\circ}C$에서는 발아율(發芽率)의 급격(急激)한 감소(減少)를 보여 평균(平均) 32.2% 발아(發芽)되었고 이때 변이계수(變異係數)는 77%였다. 2. 온도(溫度)에 따르는 발아소요일수(發芽所要日數)는 $35{\sim}25^{\circ}C$에서 평균(平均) 1.16~1.64일(日)이었으며 $20^{\circ}C$에서는 3.07일(日)이었고 $15^{\circ}C$에서는 10.40일(日)이었다. 3. 발아율(發芽率) 및 발아소요일수(發芽所要日數)를 감안(勘案)할때 $15^{\circ}C$가 참깨종자(種子)의 발아한계온도(發芽限界溫度)였으며 참깨 종자(種子)의 저온발아성(低溫發牙性) 검정(檢定)에 가장 효과적(效果的)인 온도(溫度)로 고려(考慮)되었다. 4. Shirogoma, Turkey등(等)이 가장 저온발아성(低溫發牙性)이 높았고 수원(水原)29호(號), 내복, IS58이 그 다음이었으며, 70~80%의 비교적(比較的) 높은 발아율(發芽率)을 보이는 품종(品種)들이 매포, 수원(水原)14호(號), 김포, 문덕, 해남이었는데, 이들 저온발아성(低溫發牙性)이 비교적(比較的) 높은 품종(品種)은 전공시품종(全供試品種)(90품종(品種))의 10%였으며 이들중 70%는 국내품종(國內品種)이었다. 5. $12^{\circ}C$에서 Shirogoma만 50% 이상(以上)의 발아율(發芽率)을 보였으며 대부분(大部分) 20%미만(未滿)의 낮은 발아율(發芽率)을 보였는데 파종후(播種後) 18일(日)에 온도(溫度)를 $27^{\circ}C$로 상승(上昇)시켰던바 2일이내(日以內)에 전품종(全品種)에서 90% 이하(以上)의 발아율(發芽率)을 보였으며 변온처리(變溫處理)에 따르는 품종간(品種間) 발아율간(發芽率間)에는 유의차(有意差)가 없었고 발아소요일수(發芽所要日數) 간(間)에는 청송, 의상천, 산동, 마산 등은 현저(顯著)히 소요일수(所要日數)가 길었다. 6. 발아(發芽)에 필요한 흡수율(吸水率)은 $25^{\circ}C$적습하(適濕下)에서 48%내지 62%로서 품종간(品種間)에 현저(顯著)한 차이(差異)를 나타내었다. 또한 치상후(置床後), 2시간에 발아(發芽)에 소요(所要)되는 전체 수분(水分)의 63% 정도가 흡수(吸收)되었다. 7. 포화수분하(飽和水分下)에서는 전공시품종(全供試品種)에서 평균발아율(平均發芽率)이 0.42%였고 -0.4bar에서는 64.8%였으며 -0.4~-5.5bar에서 가장 발아율(發芽率)이 높았고 이보다 토양수분(土壤水分)이 부족(不足)할 경우 발아율(發芽率)은 거의 직선적(直線的)인 감소(減少)를 보였다. 8. 10개(個) 공시품종중(供試品種中) 6개공시품종(個供試品種)에서는 5%의 산소하(酸素下)에서 발아(發芽)에 영향(影響)을 받지 않았으나 예천, PI158073, IS103, 의상천의 4품종(品種)은 산소농도(酸素濃度) 5%에서는 발아율(發芽率)이 64~91%로 저하(低下)되었다. 또한 무산소하(無酸素下)에서는 하배축(下胚軸)만 출현(出現)하였을뿐 자엽(子葉)의 출현(出現)은 없었으며 하배축(下胚軸) 출현(出現)은 IS103이 현저(顯著)히 낮았다. 9. 청송, Early Russian 및 수원(水原)9호(號)는 12시간(時間) 흡습(吸濕)시킨 후(後) 24시간(時間) 건조(乾燥)시킬때 청송만 27.5%의 발아율(發芽率)을 보였고 수원(水原)9호(號) 및 Early Russian은 전혀 발아(發芽)되지 않았으며 IS103은 4시간 흡습후(吸濕後) 24시간(時間) 건조시(乾燥時) 발아율(發芽率)이 감소(減少)되었는데 24시간(時間) 흡습후(吸濕後) 24시간(時間) 건조시(乾燥時)에도 32.5%의 발아율(發芽率)을 보였다. 10. 발아(發芽)의 진행(進行)에 따라 종자내(種子內) 당함량(糖含量)은 급격(急激)한 증가(增加)를 보였으나 전분함량(澱粉含量)은 현저(顯著)히 감소(減少)되었으며 ${\alpha}$-amylase의 활성도(活性度)는 점증(漸增)되었는데 이들 증감정도(增減程度)는 $25^{\circ}C$에 비해 $15^{\circ}C$에서는 현저(顯著)히 낮았다. 11. 발아(發芽)가 진전(進展)됨에 따라 종자(種子)의 지질함량(脂質含量)은 급격(急激)한 감소(減少)를 보였고 alkaline lipase의 활성도(活性度)는 특히 발아초기(發芽初期)에 더욱 급격(急激)한 증가(增加)를 보였는데 지질(脂質)의 감소정도(減少程度)와 alkaline lipase의 활성도(活性度) 증가정도(增加程度)는 $25^{\circ}C$에 비해 $15^{\circ}C$에서 현저(顯著)히 낮았다. 12. 6개공시품종중(個供試品種中) 4개공시품종(個供試品種)의 발아(發芽)에는 광파장(光波長)의 영향(影響)을 받지 않았으나 수원(水原)8호(號)는 600~650nm에서 IS103은 600~650nm, 500~550nn에서 현저(顯著)히 발아율(發芽率)이 저하(低下)되었으며 수원(水原)8호(號)는 600~760nm 및 500~560nm에서, IS103은 400~470nm 및 암흑상태(暗黑狀態)에서 높은 발아율(發芽率)을 보였다. 13. 100입중(粒重)이 무거운 종자(種子)에서 각(各) 품종(品種)의 발아율(發芽率)이 현저(顯著)히 높았으며 파종심도(播種深度) 4 cm 하(下)에서는 청송 및 Early Russian은 전혀 자엽(子葉)이 출현(出現)되지 않았던 반면(反面), 수원(水原)9호(號) 및 IS103은 각각(各各) 32.5 및 50%의 발아율(發芽率)을 보였다. 또한 참깨의 지상부(地上部), 지하부(地下部) 및 재배지토양(栽培地土壤) 추출물(抽出物)은 발아(發芽)에 전혀 영향(影響)을 미치지 않았다. 14. 무피복구(無被覆區)에 비해 흑색(黑色) 및 투명(透明) polyethylene film 피복구(被覆區)에서 발아율(發芽率)이 현저(顯著)히 높았고, 발아소요일수(發芽所要日數)는 현저(顯著)이 단축(短縮)되었으며 또한 초기생육(初期生育) 및 주당삭수와 주당수량(株當收量)이 현저(顯著)히 증가(增加)되었는데 polyethylene film의 종류간(種類間)에는 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되지 않았으나 흑색(黑色)polyethylene film보다는 투명(透明) polyethylene film이 약간(若干) 더 효과적(效果的)인 경향(傾向)이었다. 15. 심천, 청송, 수원(水原)9호(號), PI158073 및 IS103은 수분흡수율(水分吸收率)이 현저(顯著)히 낮았고 흡습후(吸濕後) 종자중(種子重)의 증가(增加)는 수원(水原)8호(號), 수원(水原)26호(號), Orotall 및 의상천이 현저(顯著)히 컸다.