Journal of Community Nutrition

The Korean Society of Community Nutrition (대한지역사회영양학회)
권호 표지

The Effects of Low-Calorie Diet with Raw-Food Formula on Obesity and Its Complications in the Obese Premenopausal women

  • Published : 2002.07.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Recently interests on raw-food diets are rapidly increasing in relation to chronic diseases prevention in Korea, but studies on raw-food diets have been hardly performed by nutritionists. This study was performed to investigate the effects of low-calorie diets using a raw-food formula in the form of freeze-dried powder on obesity and its complications in the obese women (body mass index (BMI) $\geq$ 25kg/㎡) for eight weeks. Forty premenopausal women (mean BMI 28.04kg/㎡, mean age 28.33years old) participated in this diet intervention, and were controlled by eating 1 regular meal, 1-2 snacks and 2 raw-food formula (140kcal/pack) meals a day within the 1500-1300kcal ranges. Anthropo-mentric measurements, body compositions, physical exercise, and obesity-related risk factors were assessed before (the initial), during (the 4th week) and after (the 8th week) the study. All the data was analyzed by paired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, and nonparametric rank test at p<0.05 level. Obesity was significantly increased during this study, and it was decreased in weight (-4.59%, p<0.000), BMI (-4.56%, p<0.000), body fat percent (-6.18%, p<0.000), fat mass (-10.19%, p<0.000), waist and hip circumferences(-5.69%, p<0.000 and -2.55%, p<0.000) and WHR (-3.24%, p<0.000). Energy expenditure of physical exercise was increased as much as 70kca1/day during the study (p=0.000), but it did not have any correlations with weight loss and changes of body compositions. Biochemical measurements including blood triglyceride(p <0.006) and leptin(p<0.000) levels were significantly decreased, LDL cholesterol level was increased(p<0.05), but all the blood lipid levels were in the normal ranges. Fatty liver echogenicity and menstrual irregularity were improved after the diet intervention(p<0.000 and p<0.034). In conclusion, this B-week low-calorie diet intervention using raw-food formula was effective for obese premenopausal women in reducing obesity and its risk factors so as not to proceed towards comorbidities. However, the variation of blood lipid levels should be observed for a longer Period.

Keywords

References

  1. ADA reports (1990) : Position of the American dietetic association : very-low-calorie weight loss diet. J Am Diet Assoc 90 (4) : 722-726
  2. Anderson RE, Wadden TA, Bartlett SJ, Zemel B, Verde TJ, Franckowiak SC (1999) : Effects of lifestyle activity vs structured aerobic exercise in obese women : a randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 27 ; 281(4) : 335-340 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.4.335
  3. Arari K, Miura J, Ohno M, Yokoyama J, Ikeda Y(1992) : Comparison of clinical usefulness of V-S-C diet and supplemental L-C diet. Am J Clin Nutr 56 : 275s-276s https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/56.1.275S
  4. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Gullette EC, Babyak M, Waugh R, Georgiades A, Craighead LW, Twwdy D, Feinglos M, Appelbaum M, Hayano J, Hinderliter A (2000) : Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertention : effects of cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning, Arch Intern Med 160(13) : 1947-1958 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.13.1947
  5. Boden G, Chen X, Mozzole M, Ryan I(1996) : Effect of fasting on serum leptin in normal human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 (9) : 3419-3423 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.81.9.3419
  6. Bosello O, Armellini F, Zamboni M, Fitchet M(1997) : The benefits of modest weight loss in type II diabetes. Int Jobes 21 : s10-s13
  7. Bouchard C, Despres J, Mauriege P(1993) : Genetic and nongenetic determinants of regional fat distribution. Endocrine Reviews 14 : 72-93 https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-14-1-72
  8. Bray GA (1985) : Complication of obesity. Ann Intern Med 21 : 1172-1174
  9. Brunner L, Nick HP, Cumin F, Chiesi M, Baum HP, Whitebread S, Stricker-Krongrad A, Levens N (1997) : Leptin is a physiologically important regulator of food intake. Int Jobes 21 : 1152-1160
  10. CAHTG (2000) : Diagnosis and treatment of hyperlipidemias. The Committee of Acts on Hyperlipidemia Treatment Guidelines, Han Medical Press, Seoul, Korea
  11. Carter GD, Holland SM, AIahband-Zadeh J, Rayman G, DorringtonWard P, Wise PH(1983) : Investigation of hirsutism: testosterone is not enough. Ann Clin Biochem 20 : 262-263 https://doi.org/10.1177/000456328302000502
  12. Cha KC, Shon CM, Kim KJ, Choi SH(1997) : Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (SBIA) for determining body composition. Korean J Community Nutrition 2 (2) : 179-186
  13. Claude B, Bray GA, Hubbard VS (1990) : Basic and clinical aspects of regional fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr 52 : 945-950
  14. Ensminger AH, Ensminger ME, Konlande JE, Robson JRK (1994) : Foods & Nutrition Encylopedia, 2nd Ed., vol.2, pp.2146-2187, CRC Press, USA
  15. Friedwald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972) : Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18 : 499-502
  16. Gibson RS (1990) : Principles of nutritional assessment. NY Oxford, Oxford University press, USA
  17. Grimm HU (2001) : Aus Teufels Topf Die neuen Risiken beim Essen translated by Oh EK, Mosek Publishing Co., Seoul, Korea
  18. Grundy SM (1999) : Hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 83 : 25f-29f
  19. Havlick RJ, Hurbert HB (1983) : Weight and hypertension II. Ann Intern Med 98 : 855-859 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-5-855
  20. Hensrud DD, Weinsier RL, Darmell BE, Hunter GR(1994) : A prospective study of weight maintenance in obese subjects reduced to normal body weight without weight-loss training. Am J Clin Nutr 60 : 688-694 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/60.5.688
  21. KDA (1995) : Diet guidelines for diabetes mellitus, 2nd Ed., Korean Diabetes Association, Eui-Hak Press, Seoul, Korea
  22. KDA(1999a) : Obesity. In : Manual of Medical Nutrition Therapy, 2nd Ed. pp.217-238, Korean Dietetics Association, Seoul, Korea
  23. KDA(1999b) : Nutrition Assessment. In : Manual of Medical Nutrition Therapy, 2nd Ed., pp.11-57, Korean Dietetics Association, Seoul, Korea
  24. Kim KO, Choi HJ (1995) : Optimization of the preparation of rice-based infant foods using freeze drying process. Korean J Food Sci Technol 27 : 680-689
  25. Kim SM, Lee DJ, Kim KM (1999) : Predictors of weight loss effects in low calorie diet. J Korean Society for the Study of Obesity 8 (2) : 72-78
  26. Kim SR (2002) : Central obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Korean Society for the Study of Obesity 11 (1) : 49s-53s
  27. Kim YS (1990) : Classification and assessment of obesity. Korean J Nutrition 23 (5) : 337-340
  28. Kissebah AH, Krakower GR(1994) : Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 74 : 761-811 https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1994.74.4.761
  29. KNS (2000) : Recommended dietary allowances for Koreans, 7th Rev., Korean Nutrition Society, Chung-Ang Press, Seoul, Korea
  30. Kreitzman SN, Coxon AY, Szaz KF(1992) : Glycogen storage: illusions of easy weight loss, excessive weight regain and distortions in estimates of body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 56 : 292s-293s https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/56.1.292S
  31. KSSO (2001) : Clinical obesity, 2nd Ed., Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, Korea Medical Publishing Co.,Seoul, Korea
  32. Lee DJ (1997) : Side effect of very low-calorie diet and its prevention. J Korean Society for the Study of Obesity 6 (1) : 35-44
  33. Lee JH, Huh KB (1997) : Practical usages of very low-calorie diet. J Korean Society for the Study of Obesity 6 (1) : 19-26
  34. Lee JH, Jang YS, Park HY, Kim OY, Ryu HJ, Chae JS (1999) : Beneficial effect of weight reduction in overweight middle-aged men. J Korean Society for the Study of Obesity 8 (2) : 154-163
  35. Lee MS, Choi HS (1995) : Volatile flavor components of Commelina communis L. as influenced by drying methods. Korean J Food Sci Technol 27 : 380-386
  36. MHW (1997) : Reports of Korean National Health Examination Survey in 1995. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul, Korea
  37. MHW(2000) : Reports of Korean National Health Examination Survey in 1998. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul, Korea
  38. Noh HJ(2001) : Survey and Statistical Analysis by SPSS Korean version 10.0, Hyung-Seol Press, Seoul
  39. Noh WS, Huh SH (2000) : Health supplement food and functional food, 2nd Ed., Hyo-il Press, Seoul, Korea
  40. NTFPTO (1993) : Very low-calorie diets. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. J Am Med Assoc 270 : 967-974 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.270.8.967
  41. Park NH, Kim BS, Bae SC (1993) : Prediction of sublimation drying time for carrot in freeze-drying. Korean J Food Sci Technol 23 : 313-320
  42. Park YS (2000) : Effects of multidisciplinary weight management program on food behavior, obesity and comorbidity risk factors in the obesity premenopausal women. A doctoral dissertation in Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
  43. Pi-Sunyer FX(1993) : Short-term medical benefits and adverse effects of weight loss. Ani Intern Med 119 : 722-726 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-7_Part_2-199310011-00019
  44. Piziak VK(1983) : Medical management of obesity. Postgrad Med 1 : 158-172
  45. Reaven GM (1988) : Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37 : 1595-1607 https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.37.12.1595
  46. Schultz Y (1983) : Micronutrients and energy balance in obesity. Metab Clin Exp 44 : 7-11
  47. Sjostrom LV (1992) : Morbidity of severely obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 55 (2) : 508s-515s https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/55.2.508s
  48. Sonnichsen AC, Ritter MM, Mohrle W, Richter WO, Schwandt P (1993) : The waist-to-hip ratio corrected for body mass index is related to serum triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol but not to parameters of glucose metabolism in health premenopausal women. Clin Invest 71 : 913-917
  49. Stoll BA (1995) : Timing of weight gain to breast cancer risk. Ann Oncol 6 : 245-248 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a059153
  50. Stromblad G, Bjorntorp P(1986) : Reduced hepatic insulin clearance in rats with dietary-induced 'Obesity. Metabolism 35 : 323-327 https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(86)90148-4
  51. Sweeney ME, Hill JO, Heller PA, Baney R, DiGirolamo M (1993) : Severe vs moderate energy restriction with and without exercise in the treatment of obesity : efficiency of weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 57 : 127-134 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/57.2.127
  52. Trayhurn P, Hoggard N, Mercer JG, Rayner DV(1999) : Leptin : fundamental aspects. Int J Obes 23 (1) : 22s-28s https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800791
  53. Wadden TA, Barlett S, Letizia KA, Foster GO, Stunkard AJ, Conill A (1992) : Relationship of dieting history to resting metabolic rate, body composition, eating behavior, and subsequent weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 56(1) : 203s-208s https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/56.1.203S
  54. Whitney EN, Cataldo CB, Rolfes SR (2002) : Chapter 26. Nutrition and disorders of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs. In : Understanding normal and clinical nutrition, 6th Ed., Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, USA
  55. WHO (1998) : Obesity. Preventing and managing the global epidemic. World Health Organization, Geneva
  56. WHOWPR-IASO (2000) : The Asia-Pacific perspective: Redefining obesity and its treatment, World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, International Association for the Study of Obesity, International Obesity Task Force
  57. Zimoff B (1995) : Normal abnormalities in obesity. Acta Med Scand 723 : 153s-160s