Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Individual versus Group Rearing and Feeding of Different Levels of Milk and Skim Milk on Nutrient Utilization in Crossbred Calves

  • Babu, L.K. (Department of Animal Production and Management, Orissa Veterinary College) ;
  • Pandey, H.N. (Indian Veterinary Research Institute) ;
  • Sahoo, A. (Indian Veterinary Research Institute)
  • Received : 2002.06.11
  • Accepted : 2003.05.19
  • Published : 2003.10.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

A $2{\times}3$ factorial design was used to study the impact of rearing systems, individual (I) vs. group (G) and different levels of milk/skim milk feeding (three schedules, F1, F2 and F3) on performance of crossbred (Bos indicus ${\times}$ Bos taurus) calves. Six calves (three from each sex) were taken in each group on the basis of their birth weight. All the calves were fed colostrum for three days and thereafter, were allotted to three different milk feeding schedules (F), i.e. milk fed upto 8 weeks of age (F1), milk upto 4 weeks followed by 50% (F2) and 100% (F3) replacement of milk with skim milk in the next 4 weeks. Calf starter and cereal green fodder were fed ad libitum to all the calves beginning from second week of age. A digestibility trial was conducted at 15th week of age to assess nutrient utilization during postweaning period. The digestibilty of dry matter (DM), organic matter, total carbohydrate, ether extract and crude protein (CP) were nonsignificant between the rearing systems and the feeding schedules. There was significantly higher digestibility of NDF and ADF in G than I and in F3 than F1 and F2. The concentration CP and total digestible nutrients of the diet ranged from 17.18 to 17.75% and 66.32 to 70.14%, respectively. The DM intake (kg/100 kg body weight) ranged from 1.74 to 2.14 kg during 0 to 8 weeks and 3.19 to 3.41 kg during 0 to 14 weeks of age. The effects during postweaning phase (9-14 weeks of age) showed increased performance in group housed calves compared to individually housed ones with a superior average daily gain (590 vs. 443 g) and dry matter intake (1.79 vs. 1.64 kg). Above all, replacement of milk with skim milk at 50% level after 4th week followed by complete removal after 6th week of age (F2) seemed to suit better in coping with immediate energy starvation due to sole feeding of skim milk (F3) and they performed the best under group housed system of rearing.

Keywords

References

  1. AOAC. 1980. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th edn, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC., USA.
  2. Anderson, K. L., T. G. Nagaraja and J. L. Morill, T. B. Avery, S. J. Galitzer and J. E. Boyer. 1987. Ruminal microbial development. II. Conventionally or early weaned calves. J. Anim. Sci. 64:1215-1226.
  3. Bryant, M. P., N. Small, C. Bouma and I. Robinson. 1958. Studies on the composition of the ruminal flora and fauna of young calves. J. Dairy Sci. 41:1747-1767.
  4. Das, D. R., D. V. G. Krishna Mohan and S. K. Ranjhan. 1985. Performance of young crossbred calves fed different levels of milk and different types of calf starters. II. Nutrient utilization in calves at 3 months of age. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 38:276-279.
  5. Goering, H. K. and P. J. Van Soest. 1970. Forage Fiber Analysis (apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications). ARSUSDA Hand Book No. 379, US Govt Printing Office, Washington DC., USA.
  6. Krishna Mohan, D. V. G., D. R. Das and S. K. Ranjhan. 1987. Performance of young crossbred calves fed different levels of milk and different types of calf starters. 3. Growth, feed efficiency and cost of feeding calves from birth to three months of age. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 40:18-22.
  7. Lyford, S. J. and J. T. Huber. 1988. Digestion, metabolism and nutrient needs in preruminants. In: The Ruminant Animal: Digestive Physiology and Nutrition (Ed. D. C. Church). Prentic-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA. p. 401.
  8. NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle, 7th edn. National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council Publication, Washington DC, USA.
  9. Quigley, J. D. III. 1997. Raising replacement heifers from birth to weaning. Procceedings of the 1997 Western Canadian Dairy Seminar, Red Deer, Alberta.
  10. Quigley, J. D. III., Z. P. Smith and R. N. Heitmann. 1991. Changes in plasma volatile fatty acids in response to weaning and feed intake in young calves. J. Dairy Sci. 74:258-263.
  11. Ranjhan, S. K., R. C. Katiyar, P. N. Bhat and B. L. Raina. 1972. Studies on growth response of crossbred calves. 1. Effect of limited milk feeding on the growth of crossbred calves upto 3 months of age. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 42:754-759.
  12. Rout, P. K., H. N. Pandey, B. B. Srivastava, A. Sahoo and N. N. Pathak. 1996. Growth and nutrient digestibility of preruminant calves on grain replaced calf starter. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 9:175-180.
  13. Sahoo, A. and N. N. Pathak. 1996. Growth and nutrient utilization studies in crossbred (Bos indicus${\times}$Bos taurus) calves reared on animal protein free calf starter. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 66:92-95.
  14. Sahoo, A., D. N. Kamra and N. N. Pathak. 2001. Rumen metabolic development in crossbred calves reared on animal protein free pre-starter and oat hay. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 14:193-199.
  15. Snedecor, G. W. and W. G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods, 8th edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
  16. Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597.
  17. Weary, D. M. 2002. Four fallacies of dairy calf rearing. In: Official Procceedings, 37th Annual Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference 9-10 Oct., 2002, Vancouver, BC.

Cited by

  1. Hemato-biochemical changes, disease incidence and live weight gain in individual versus group reared calves fed on different levels of milk and skim milk vol.80, pp.2, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00620.x
  2. Invited review: Effects of group housing of dairy calves on behavior, cognition, performance, and health vol.99, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10144
  3. Effects of Some Management Factors on Milk Production in First-calf Heifers vol.19, pp.5, 2003, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.672
  4. Growth, Nutrient Utilization and Amino Acid Digestibility of Dairy Calves Fed Milk Replacers Containing Different Amounts of Protein in the Preruminant Period vol.21, pp.8, 2003, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.70562