곤충의 분산다형성-그의 다양성과 생태학적 의의

Dispersal Polymorphisms in Insects-its Diversity and Ecological Significance

  • 현재선 (농촌진흥청 농업과학기술원 작물보호부 농업해충과)
  • 발행 : 2003.12.01

초록

곤충의 분산다형성이란 비상능력과 관련된 다형성으로 그 구체적 내용으로는 시다형성, 비상근다형성 그리고 비상행동변이성 등과 이들과는 별개로 개체군 밀도의존적인 상변이성이 있다. 분산다형성은 시간적으로나 공간적으로 이질적인 서식처 환경에 대응하기 위하여 이동형인 “유시형이나 장시형”과 정주형인 “무시형이나 단시형”을 생활사에 적절히 짜넣은 적응적 형질이다. 점변태곤충류에서는 유충과 성충의 생태학적지위가 중복되여 있어 유충과 성충이 생활공간과 그 밖의 요구조건을 달리하고 있는 완전변태류나 반변태류에 비하여 분산다형성의 예가 대단히 많다. 무시형 또는 단시형곤충은 같은 종의 유시형 또는 장시형곤충에 비하면 초산연령이 빠르고 총산란수도 많은 것이 보통이여서 자연증가율(r)이 크다. 단시형과 관련된 환경요인으로는 서식처의 시간적 영속성이나 공간적 이질성, 먹이조건, 개체군밀도, 온도, 일장 기타 여러 가지가 알려지고 있다 서식처의 환경조건에 대한 분산다형성발현상은 종에 따라 다를 뿐 아니라 암수간에도 차가 있고 같은 종에서도 계통간에 차가 있는 극히 탄력적인 현상이다. 분산다형성의 문제는 생리학, 유전학 그리고 생태학등에 걸친 폭넓은 학문분야로 특히 생태유전학이나 정량유전학분야치 연구는 분산다형성의 유전적본질 구명에 중요하다 하겠다.

Dispersal polymorphism in insects Is a kind of adaptive strategy of the life history together with the diapause, consisting of the “long-winged or alate forms” of migratory phase and the “short-winged or apterous forms” of stationary phase. Dispersal polymorphism is a polymorphism related with the flight capability, and has three categories ; the wing polymorphisms, flight muscle polymorphisms, and flight behavior variations. Phase variation is another type of dispersal polymorphism varying in morphology, physiology and wing forms in response to the density of the population. The dispersal migration is a very adaptive trait that enables a species to keep pace with the changing mosaic of its habitat, but requires some costs. In general, wing reduction has a positive effect on the reproductive potential such as earlier reproduction and larger fecundity The dispersal polymorphism is a kind of optimization in the evolutionary strategies of the life history in insects; a trade-off between the advantages and disadvantages of migration. Wing polymorphism is a phenotypically plastic trait. Wing form changes with the environmental conditions even though the species is the same. Various environmental factors have an effect on the dispersal polymorphisms. Density dependent dispersal polymorphism plays an important role In population dynamics, but it is not a simple function of the density; the individuals of a population may be different in response to the density resulting different outcomes in the population biology, and the detailed information on the genotypic variation of the individuals in the population is the fundamental importance in the prediction of the population performances in a given environment. In conclusion, the studies on the dispersal polymorphisms are a complicated field in relation with both physiology and ecology, and studies on the ecological and quantitative genetics have indeed contributed to understanding of its important nature. But the final factors of evolution; the mechanisms of natural selections, might be revealed through the studies on the population biology.

키워드

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