Toward An Understanding and Use of Cognitive Conflict in Science Instruction (I) : Definition and Model

  • Published : 2003.08.30

Abstract

The idea that students must experience cognitive conflict before conceptual change can occur is not new. In light of this idea, many teaching strategies have been applied in educational practices. However, there is not much literature about how students are experiencing cognitive conflict, how this experience affects students learning processes, and how we use that knowledge to improve our science instruction. This study aimed to propose possible answers about these questions. In this paper, we conducted the first question as a first part of our research. To do this, we reviewed related literature and analyzed protocols that were produced in previous studies. As a result, a model of cognitive conflict was developed. This study's findings may lead to further understanding and use of students' cognitive conflict, which has a complex role in science instruction.

Keywords

References

  1. Anderson, L. W., & Bourke, S. F. (2000). Assessing affective characteristics in the schools. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
  2. Bearison, D. J., Magzamen, S., & Filardo, E. K. (1986). Socio-cognitive conflict and cognitive growth in young children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 32, 51-72
  3. Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. NY: McGraw-Hill
  4. Berlyne, D. E. (1970). Childrens reasoning and thinking. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichaels manual of child psychology (Vol. 1, PP. 939-981). NY: Wiley, 3rd ed.
  5. Bodrakova, W. V. (1988). The role of external and cognitive conflict in childrens conservation learning. Unpublished doctorial dissertation, City University of New York
  6. Botvin, G., & Murray, F. (1975). The efficacy of peer modeling and social conflict in the acquisition of conservation. Child Development, 46, 796-799 https://doi.org/10.2307/1128583
  7. Cantor, G. N. (1983). Conflict, learning, and Piaget: comments on Zimmerman and Bloms 'Toward an empirical test of the role of cognitive conflict in learning.' Developmental Review, 3, 39-53 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(83)90006-0
  8. Chinn, C. A., & Brewer, W. F. (1998). An empirical test of a taxonomy of responses to anomalous data in science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 35, 623-654 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199808)35:6<623::AID-TEA3>3.0.CO;2-O
  9. Damon, W., & Killen, M. (1982). Peer interaction and the process of change in childrens moral reasoning. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28, 347-367
  10. Darden, L. (1992). Strategies for anomaly resolution. In R. N. Giere (Ed.), Cognitive models of science (Vol. 15, pp. 251-273). The University of Minnesota Press
  11. Dekkers, P. J. J., & Thijj. G. D. (1998). Making productive use of students' initial conceptions in developing the concept of force. Science Education, 82, 31-51 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199801)82:1<31::AID-SCE3>3.0.CO;2-1
  12. diSessa, A. (1993). Towards an epistemology of physics. Cognition and Instruction, 10(2 & 3), 105-225 https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.1985.9649008
  13. Doise, W., & Mugny, G. (1984). The social development of intelligent. NY: Pergamon Press
  14. Dreyfus, A., Jungwirth, E., & Eliovitch, R. (1990), Applying the 'cognitive conflict' strategy for conceptual change - some implications, difficulties, and problems. Science Education, 74, 555-569 https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.3730740506
  15. Druyan, S. (1997). Effect of the kinesthetic conflict on promoting scientific reasoning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 34, 1083-1099 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199712)34:10<1083::AID-TEA7>3.0.CO;2-N
  16. Elizabeth, L. L., & Galloway, D. (1996). Conceptual links between cognitive acceleration through science education and motivational style: A critique of Adey and Shayer. International Journal of Science Education, 18, 35-49 https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069960180103
  17. Furth, H. G. (1981). Piaget and knowledge. Theoretical foundation. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press
  18. Gredler, D. E. (1992). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice. NY: Macmillan
  19. Hashweh, M. Z. (1986). Toward an Explanation of Conceptual Change, European Journal of Science Education, 8, 229-249 https://doi.org/10.1080/0140528860080301
  20. Hewson, P. W., & Hewson, M. G. A. (1984). The role of conceptual conflict in conceptual change and the design of science instruction. Instructional Science, 13, 1-13 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051837
  21. Hewson, P. W., Beeth, M. E., & Thorley, N. R. (1998). Teaching for conceptual change. In B. J. Fraser & K. G. Tobin (Ed.), International handbook of science education (pp. 199-218). Kluwer Academic Publishers
  22. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1979). Conflict in the classroom: Controversy and learning. Review of Educational Research, 49, 51-70 https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543049001051
  23. Kwon, J. (1989). A cognitive model of conceptual change in science learning. Physics Teaching (written in Korean), 7, 1-9. Korean Physics Society
  24. Kwon, J. (1997, May). The necessity of cognitive conflict strategy in science teaching. Proceeding of the International Conference on Science Education: Globalization of Science Education, Seoul, Korea
  25. Kwon, J., Lee, G., Park, H., Kim, J., & Lee, Y. J. (2000, April). 'The relationship between the characteristics of cognitive conflict and response to anomalous situations when learning science. Paper presented at National Association for Research in Science Teaching, New Orleans
  26. Kwon, J., Park, H., Kim, J., Lee, Y. J., & Lee, G. (2000). The analysis of the relationship between cognitive conflict characteristics (levels and patterns) and response patterns of students confronted with anomalous situation in learning science. Research Report on Subject Education RR98-VI-11, Ministry of Education in Korea
  27. Langfield-Smith, K. (1994). Cognitive map. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Human Behavior (pp. 647-653). NY: Academic Press
  28. Lee, G. (1990). The response behavior of students who confronted with cognitive conflict situations. Unpublished master dissertation, Korea National University of Education
  29. Lee, G. (2000). The effects of cognitive conflict. learning motivation, end learning strategies on high school students conceptual changes in physics. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Korea National University of Education
  30. Lee, Y. J. (1998). The effect of cognitive conflict on students conceptual change in Physics. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Korea National University of Education
  31. Limon, M. (2001). On the cognitive conflict as an instructional strategy for conceptual change: a critical appraisal. Learning and Instruction, 11. 357-380 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4752(00)00037-2
  32. Miller. N. E. (1944). Experimental studies of conflict. In J. M. Hunt (Ed.), Personality and the behavior disorders (Vol 1, pp. 431-465). NY: Ronald
  33. Mischel, T. (1971). Piaget: cognitive conflict and the motivation of thought. In T. Mischel (Ed.), Cognitive development end epistemology (pp. 311-355). NY: Academic Press
  34. Movshovitz-Hadar, N., & Hadass, R. (1990). Preservice education of math teachers using paradoxes. Educational Studies in Mathematics. 21, 265-287 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00305093
  35. Murray, F. B. (1983). Equilibration as cognitive conflict. Developmental Review, 3, 54-61 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(83)90007-2
  36. Murray, F. B., Ames, G., & Botvin, G. (1977). The acquisition of conservation through cognitive dissonance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 519-527 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.69.5.519
  37. Niaz, M. (1995). Cognitive conflict as a teaching strategy in solving chemistry problems: A dialectic-constructivist perspective. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 32, 959-970 https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660320907
  38. Parker, A., & Archer, T. (1994). Conflict Behavior. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Human Behavior (pp. 665). NY: Academic Press
  39. Perret-Clermont, A. N. (1980). Social interaction and cognitive development in children. European Monographs in Social Psychology (Vol. 19). London: Academic Press
  40. Piaget, J. (1967). The mental development of the child. In D. Elkind (Ed.), Six Psychological studies. NY: Random House
  41. Piaget, J. (1980). Adaptation end intelligence. Organic selection end phenocopy. Chicago. IL: University of Chicago Press
  42. Piaget, J. (1985). The equilibration of cognitive structure: the central problem of intellectual development. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
  43. Pintrich, P. R., Mark, R. W., & Boyle, R. A. (1993). Beyond cold conceptual change: The role of motivational beliefs and classroom contextual factors in the process of conceptual change. Review of Educational Research, 63, 167-199 https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543063002167
  44. Posner, G. J., Strike, K. A., Hewson, P. W., & Gertzog, W. A. (1982). Accommodation of a scientific conception: Toward a theory of conceptual change. Science Education, 66, 221-227
  45. Strike, K. A., & Posner, G. J. (1992). A revisionist theory of conceptual change. In R. A. Duschl & R. J. Hamilton (Eds.), Philosophy of science, cognitive psychology, and educational theory and practice (pp. 147-176). State University of New York Press
  46. Roy, A. W. N., & Howe, C. J. (1990). Effects of cognitive conflict, socio-cognitive conflict and imitation on childrens socio-legal thinking, European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 241-252 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420200305
  47. Sigel, I. E. (1979). On becoming a thinker: A psychoeducational model. Educational Psychologist, 14, 70-78 https://doi.org/10.1080/00461527909529208
  48. Smedsland, J. (1961). The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. Scandanavian Journal of Psychology, 2, 156-160 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01235.x
  49. Stavy, R., & Berkovitz, B. (1980). Cognitive conflict as a basis for teaching quantitative aspects of the concept of temperature. Science Education, 64, 679-692 https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.3730640514
  50. Strauss, S. (1972). Inducing cognitive development and learning: A review of short-term training experiments. Cognition, 1, 329-357 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(72)90001-7
  51. Thorley, N. R., & Treagust, D. F. (1987). Conflict within dyadic interactions as a stimulant for conceptual change in Physics. International Journal of Science Education, 9, 203-216 https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069870090209
  52. Vosniadou, S. (1994). Capturing and modeling the process of conceptual change. Learning and Instruction, 4, 45-69 https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4752(94)90018-3
  53. Vosniadou, S., & Ioannides, C. (1998). From conceptual development to science education: A psychological point of view. International Journal of Science Education, 20, 1213-1230 https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069980201004
  54. Wadsworth, B. J. (1996). Pisgets theory of cognitive and affective development. NY: Longman
  55. Zimmerman, B. J., & Blom, D. E. (1983). Toward an empirical test of the role of cognitive conflict in learning. Developmental Review, 3, 18-38 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(83)90005-9