Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Protective Effect of Korean Panax ginseng against Chromium Ⅵ Toxicity and Free Radicals Generation in Rats

  • Abdel-Wahhab, Mosaad A. (Food Toxicology and Contaminants Dept. National Research Center) ;
  • Ahmed, Hanaa H. (Hormones Dept. National Research Center)
  • Published : 2004.03.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Earlier studies have demonstrated that chromium (Cr) Ⅵ compounds have been shown to be more toxic and carcinogenic than other chromium compounds. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of red ginseng against chromium Ⅵ-induced toxicity and free radical generation. Sixty adult male rats were divided into six equal groups include: control group, group received Cr Ⅵ alone (50 mg/kg b.w.), group treated with Korean ginseng (K. ginseng) alone (20 mg/kg b.w), group treated with Cr Ⅵ for 15 days then received K. ginseng for other 15 days, group treated with Cr Ⅵ and K. ginseng at the same time for 15 days, and group treated with K. ginseng for 15 days then Cr Ⅵ for other 15 days. The results revealed that Cr Ⅵ caused significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, G-GT, urea, creatinine, and acid phosphatase. Whereas, it caused significant decrease in TP, albumin, testosterone, GPX, and SOD indicating a stress for liver, kidney and testes. K. ginseng alone caused significant increase in GPX and SOD activities in healthy animals and this result suggests a prophylactic role for this herb in protection against the damaging impact induced by free radical species. Furthermore, the other biochemical parameters measured after K. ginseng administration were comparable to the control values. Treatment with Cr Ⅵ followed by K. ginseng, Cr Ⅵ and K. ginseng or K. ginseng followed by Cr Ⅵ resulted in significant improvement in all tested parameters towards the normal values of the controls. However, this improvement was pronounced in the group pre-treated with K. ginseng for 15 days before Cr Ⅵ administration. It could be concluded that K. ginseng exhibited a protective action against the toxic effects of Cr Ⅵ and it had the ability to scavenge free radicals resulted from Cr Ⅵ intoxication.

Keywords

References

  1. Abdel-Wahhab, M. A., Nada, S. A. and Khalil, F. A.: Phys-iological and toxicological responses in rats fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet with or without sorbent materials. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 24(4), 1713-1725(1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00342-X
  2. Ames, B. N.: Dietary carcinogens and carcinogen oxygen radicals and degenerative disease. Science 221, 1256-1264(1983) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6351251
  3. Anderson, R. A.:Chromium as essential nutrinet for humans. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 26 (1 Pt 2): S35-S41 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1997.1136
  4. Andeson, R. A.：Chromium, glucose intolerance, and diabetes. J. Am. Nutr Rev. 56, 266-270 (1998)
  5. Barceloux, D.: Chromium. Clin. Toxicol. 37, 173-194(1999) https://doi.org/10.1081/CLT-100102418
  6. Bartles, H., Bohmer, M. and Heirll, C.: Serum creatinine determination without protein precipitation. Clin. Chem. Acta. 37, 193-197(1972) https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(72)90432-9
  7. Bashandy, S. A. E., Nada, S. A., Morsy, F. A. and Arbid, M. S.: The role of ginseng on gonads ochratoxicosis A in rat. J. Union Arab Biol. 5(A), 227-250(1996)
  8. Bowers, G. N. and McComb, R. B.: A continuous spectrophotometeric method measuring the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase. Clin. Chem. 12, 70-89(1996)
  9. Bragt, P. C. and van Dura, E. A.: Toxicokunetics of hexavalent chromium in the rat after intratracheal administration of chromates of different solubilities. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 27, 315-322(1983) https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/27.3.315
  10. Chang, M. S., Lee, S. G. and Rho, H. M.: Transcriptional activation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase genes by panaxadiol ginsenosides extracted from panax ginseng. Phytother. Res. 13, 641-644 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199912)13:8<641::AID-PTR527>3.0.CO;2-Z
  11. Chorvaticova, D., kovacikova, Z., Sandula, J. and Navarova, J. : Protective effect of sulfoethylglucan against hexavalent chromium. Mutat. Res. 302, 207-211 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7992(93)90106-6
  12. Chowdhury, A. T. : Spermatogenic and steroidogenic impairment after chromium treatment in rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 33(7), 480-484 (1995)
  13. Coogan, T. P., Motz, J., Snyder, C. A., Squibb, K. S. and Costa, M. : Differential DNA-protein crosslinking in lymphocytes and liver following chronic drinking water exposure of rat to potassium chromate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 109, 60-72 (1991) https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(91)90191-G
  14. Dayan, A. D. and Paine, A. J. : Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of the lit-erature from 1985 to 2000. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 20(9), 439-451 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1191/096032701682693062
  15. De Flora, S. and Wetterhahn, K. E. : Mechanisms of chro-mium metabolism and genotoxicity. Life Chem. Rep. 7, 169-244(1989)
  16. Dey, S. K., Nayak, P. and Roy, S. : Chromium-induced mem-brane damage: Protective role of ascorbic acid. J. Environ. Sci. (China). 13(3), 272-275 (2001)
  17. Doumas, B. T., Watson, W. A. and Bigga, H. G. : Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bro-macresol green. Clin. Chem. Acta. 31, 87-90 (1971) https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(71)90365-2
  18. Facino, R. M., Carini, M., Aldini, G., Berti, F. and Rossoni, G. : Panax ginseng administration in the rat prevents myo-cardial ischemia-reperfusion damage induced by hyperbaric Oxygen: Evidence for an antioxidant intervention. Planta Medica 65, 614-619 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-14034
  19. Fawcett, J. K. and Scott, J. E. : Determination of urea. J. Clin. Path. 13, 156-159 (1960) https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.13.2.156
  20. Fishman, W. H. and Lerner, F. A. : A method for estimating serum acid phosphatase of prostatic orgin. J. Biol. Chem. 200, 89-97 (1953)
  21. Goyer, R. A. : Environmentally related disease of the urinary tract. Environ. Med. 74, 377-389(1990)
  22. Griffiths, J. C.: The laboratory diagnosis of prostatic adeno-carcinoma. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab Sci. 19, 187(1983) https://doi.org/10.3109/10408368309165763
  23. Harman, D. Aging: A theory based on free radicals and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontal. 11, 298-300 (1956) https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/11.3.298
  24. Hojo, Y. and Satomi, Y. : In vitro nephrotoxicity induced in mice by chromium (VI): involvement of glutathione and chromium (V). Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 31, 21-31 (1991) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02990356
  25. Horton, A. A. and Fairhurst, S. : Lipid peroxidation and mechanisms of toxicity. CRC Crit. Rev, Toxicol. 18, 27-29 (1987) https://doi.org/10.3109/10408448709089856
  26. Jeong, T. C., Kim. H. J., Park, J. I., Ha, C. S., Kim, S. I. and Rho, J. K. : Protective effects of red ginseng saponins against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Spra-gue-Dawley rats. Planta Med. 63, 136-140 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957630
  27. Kaplan, M. M. : Laboratory tests. p. 219-237. In: Diseases of the liver. (L. Schiff and E. R. Schiff, eds). J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (1987)
  28. Kim, H. J., Chun, Y. J., Park, J. D., Kim, S., Roh, J. K. and Jeong, T. C. : Protection of rat liver microsomes against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation by red ginseng saponin through cytochrome p450 inhibition. Planta Medica 63, 415-418 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957724
  29. Kumar, A. and Barthwal, R. : Hexavalent chromium effects on hematological indices in rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 46, 761-768 (1991) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01689965
  30. Kumar, A. and Rana, S. V. S.: Enzymological effects of hexavalent chromium in the rat kidney. lnt. J. Tissue React. 6(2), 135-139 (1984)
  31. Laborda, R., Diaz-Mayants, J. and Nunez, A.： Nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of chromium compounds in rats. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 36, 332-336(1986) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01623516
  32. Latner, A. B. : Clinical Biochemistry.7th ed., W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, London, Toronto(1975)
  33. Lin, J. H., Wu, L. S., Tsai, K. T., Leu, S. P., Jeang, Y. F. and Hsieh, M. T.: Effects of ginseng on the blood chemistry pro-file of Dexamethasone-treated male rats. Am. J. Clin. Med. 23, 167-172(1995) https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X95000225
  34. Liu, K. J. and Shi, X.: In vivo reduction of chromium(VI) and its related free radicals generation. Mol. Cell Biochem. 222(1-2), 41-47(2001) https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017994720562
  35. Liu, S. J. and Zhou, S. W.: Panax notoginseng saponins attenuated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Acta pharmacol. Sin. 21(3), 257-265(2000)
  36. Mei, B., Wang, Y.F., Wu, J. X. and Chen, W. Z. : Protective effects of ginsenosides on oxygen free radical-induced dam-age of cultured vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Yao. Husch. Husch-Pao. 29(11), 801-808 (1994)
  37. Meneghini, R. : Genotoxicity of active oxygen species in mammalian cells. Mutat. Res. 195, 215-230 (1998)
  38. Paglia, D. E. and Valentine, W. N. : Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 70, 158-169 (1967)
  39. Parker, F. : Skin and Hormones. P. 1080-1098. In: Text Book of Endocrinology. Williams, R.H. (Hrsg), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia (1981)
  40. Pourahmad, J. and OBrien, P.J. : Biological reactive intermediates that mediate chromium (VI) toxicity. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 500, 203-207 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-009-1007-8
  41. SAS Institute, Inc.: SAS User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.(1982)
  42. Schermer, S.: IN: The Blood Morphology of Laboratory Animals. &3^rd&ed. P. 42. Philadelphia, F.A. Davi Co.(1967)
  43. Solis, H. M. J., Quintanilla, G. B., Sierra, S. A., Hernandez, J. M., Branbila, E., Cebrian, M. E. and Albores, A.: Chro-mium increasing pancreatic metalothionine in the rat. Toxi-cology 142(2), 111-117(2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00130-4
  44. Stohs, S. J. and Bagohi, D.: Oxidative mechanosms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 18, 321-336(1995) https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(94)00159-H
  45. Sugiyama, M. : Role of physiological antioxidants in chro-mium(VI)-induced cellular injury. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 12, 397-407(1992) https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(92)90089-Y
  46. Sugiyama, M. : Role of cellular antioxidants in metal-induced damage. Cell Biol.Toxicol. 10, 1-22 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00757183
  47. Sugiyama, M., Paterio, S. R., Cantoni, O. and Costa, M. : Characterization of DNA lesion induced by CaCrO4 in syn-chronous and asynchronous cultured mammalian cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 29, 606-613 (1986)
  48. Susa, N., Ueno, S., Furukawa, Y. and Sugiyama, M. : Protec-tive effect of deferoxamine on chromium (VI)-induced DNA single-strand breaks, cytotoxicity and Iipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Arch. Toxicol. 71, 345-350 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1007/s002040050397
  49. Suttle, N. F. : Copper deficiency in ruminants; recent devel-opments. The Veterinary Record. 119, 519-522 (1986) https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.119.21.519
  50. Szasz, G. : Convenient method for the determination of G-GT activity in serum. Clin. Chem. 15, 124-136 (1969)
  51. The Committee on Enzymes of the Scandinavian Society for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Physiology.: Recommended methods for the determination of four enzymes in blood. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 33, 291-306(1974) https://doi.org/10.3109/00365517409082499
  52. Von Burg, R. and Liu, D.: Chromium and hexavalent chro-mium. J. Appl. Toxicol. 13, 225-230(1993) https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2550130315
  53. Waller, R.A. and Duncan, D. B.: A Bayes rule for the sym-metric multiple comparison problems. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 64, 1484-1503(1969) https://doi.org/10.2307/2286085
  54. Weichselbaum, C. T. E.: An accurate and rapid method for the determination of proteins in small amounts of blood serum and plasma. Am. J. Clin. Path. 7, 40-45(1946)
  55. Xie, Z. C., Qian, Z. K. and Lium, Z. W.: Effect of ginseng on antiperoxidate injury in myocardium and erythrocytes in streptozocin induced diabetic rats. Chung Kuo. Chung Hist. Chiech-Ho. Tsa-Chih 13(5), 289-290(1993)
  56. Yokozawa, T. and Liu, Z. W.: The role of ginsenoside-Rd in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. Ren. Fail. 22(2), 115-127(2000) https://doi.org/10.1081/JDI-100100858
  57. Yokozawa, T., Zhou, J. J., Hattori, M., Inaba, S., Okada, T. and Oura, H.: Effects of ginseng in nephrectomized rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17(11), 1485-1489(1994)
  58. Zuin, M., Battezzati, P. M., Camisasca, M., Riebenfeld, D. and Podda, M.: Effects of a preparation containing a stan-dardized ginseng extract combined with trace elements and multivitamins against hepatotoxin-induced chronic liver dis-ease in the elderly. J. Int. Med. Res. 15(5), 276-281(1987)

Cited by

  1. Protective role of dark soy sauce against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats by antioxidative activity vol.19, pp.5, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1080/15376510902806167
  2. The moderating role of dark soy sauce to acrylamide-induced oxidative stress and neurophysiological perturbations in rats vol.19, pp.6-7, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1080/15376510903136895
  3. Effect of acrylamide on some hormones and endocrine tissues in male rats vol.31, pp.5, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327111417267
  4. Histological study on the possible protective action of ginseng on the injurious effect induced by acrylamide on the midbrain in adult male albino rat vol.37, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.EHX.0000446587.04196.3b
  5. The possible protective role of ginseng on the sciatic nerve neuropathy induced experimentally by acrylamide in adult male albino rat vol.37, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.EHX.0000446580.88948.42
  6. The Potential for Plant Derivatives against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity vol.29, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5353
  7. Panax ginseng extract modulates oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation and up-regulate gene expression in rats sub chronically treated with aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 vol.67, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-014-9726-z
  8. )-Protopanaxadiol Inhibits Solar Ultraviolet Light-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expression vol.118, pp.11, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26023
  9. C A Meyer vol.29, pp.9, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00869.x
  10. The inhibitory effects of garlic and Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3 on the genotoxicity, biochemical, and histological changes induced by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in male rats vol.82, pp.3, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-007-0237-y