Changes in Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Population during Fermenting Process of Organic Fertilizer

혼합발효 유기질비료의 발효과정 중 이화학성 및 미생물밀도 변화

  • 이종태 (경상남도농업기술원 양파연구소) ;
  • 이찬중 (경상남도농업기술원 양파연구소) ;
  • 김희대 (경상남도농업기술원 양파연구소)
  • Received : 2003.12.06
  • Accepted : 2004.02.18
  • Published : 2004.04.30

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in physicochemical and microbiological properties during fermenting process of organic fertilizer which was made from the mixture of organic materials such as sesame oil cake, fish meal, blood meal, rice bran, ground bone meal, and natural minerals such as illite, crusted oyster shell and loess. They were mixed and fermented for 70 days. The sesame oil cake and rice bran, major ingredients for organic fertilizers, consisted of 7.6 and 2.6% total nitrogen, 3.6 and 4.6% $P_2O_5$, 1.4 and 2.2% $K_2O$, respectively. The ground bone meal included 29.2% $P_2O_5$ and illite included 3.8% $K_2O$. Temperature of organic fertilizer during the fermentation rapidly increased over $50^{\circ}C$ within 2 days after mixing and stabilized similar to outdoor temperature after 40 days. Moisture content decreased from 36.3 to 16.0% after 1 month. C/N ratio of organic fertilizer slightly increased until 30 days and thereafter, it slowly decreased, It resulted from the faster decrease of total nitrogen concentration compared with organic matter. Concentration of $NH_4-N$ in organic fertilizer rapidly increased from 1,504 to $5,530mg\;kg^{-1}$, the highest concentration after 10 days. Meantime, $NO_3-N$ concentration was low and constant about $150mg\;kg^{-1}$ over the whole fermenting period. This result seemed to be due to the high pH. The organic ferfilizer fermented for 70 days was composed of 2.7% N, 2.8% $P_2O_5$, 1.8% $K_2O$, and 35.9% organic matter. Total populations of aerobic bacteria, Bacillus sp. and actinomycetes, after fermenting process, were $12.5{\times}10^{10}$, $45.5{\times}10^{5}$ and $13.6{\times}10^{5}cfu\;g^{-1}$ respectively. Pseudomonas sp. was $71.9{\times}10^{7}cfu\;g^{-1}$ at first, but it rapidly decreased according to the rise of temperature. Yeasts played an important role in the early stage of fermentation and molds did in the late stage.

유기재배를 위한 화학비료 대체 혼합발효 유기질비료를 개발하기 위하여 깻묵, 어박, 쌀겨, 골분 등의 유기질 자재와 일라이트, 패화석 등을 배합하여 제조하였으며 70일간의 제조과정 중 이화학적 특성 및 미생물 밀도 변화를 조사하였다. 유기질비료의 주요 성분인 깻묵과 쌀겨는 각각 7.6%와 2.6%의 질소와 3.6%와 4.6%의 인산, 1.4%와 2.2%의 칼륨을 함유하였다. 골분은 29.2%의 인산을 함유하였으며 일라이트의 칼륨 농도는 3.8%이였다. 유기질비료의 온도는 혼합 2일후 $50^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 상승하였으며 발효 40일 경과 후 상온과 비슷한 온도로 내려갔다. 발효 초기 수분 함량은 36.3%였으며 1개월 후 16.0%로 감소하였고 그 후 변화가 거의 없었다. 발효 초기에 유기물 함량에 비해 질소의 손실이 커서 탄질비가 증가하였다가 발효 10일 경과 후 서서히 감소하였다. 암모니아태 질소 함량은 혼합 시 $1,504mg\;kg^{-1}$이었으며 10일 후 최고 농도인 $5,530mg\;kg^{-1}$까지 증가하였다가 서서히 감소하였다. 그 반면에 질산태질소 함량은 발효 전 기간 동안 저농도로 유지되었는데 이러한 경향은 높은 pH와 관련이 있다고 판단되었다. 약 2개월간의 발효 후 유기질비료의 질소, 인산, 칼리 및 유기물 함량은 각각 2.7%, 2.8%, 1.8% 및 35.9%이었다. 발효과정 중 유기질비료내 생존하는 호기성세균, Bacillus sp. 및 방선균의 총균수는 각각 $12.5{\times}10^{10}$, $45.5{\times}10^5$$13.6{\times}10^5cfu\;g^{-1}$이었다. Pseudomoaas sp.는 발효초기에 $71.9{\times}10^7cfu\;g^{-1}$이었으나 발효 20일 후에는 온도 상승으로 급격히 감소하여 거의 나타나지 않았다. 균류 중 효모는 발효 초기에 많이 검출되었으며 사상균수은 발효 후기에 많았다.

Keywords

References

  1. Bagstam, G. 1979. Population changes in microorganisms during composting of spruce-bark II. Mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms during controlled composting. J. Appl. Micobiol. Biotechnol. 6:279-288 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00508100
  2. Baker, M., B. Knoop, S. Quiring, A. Beard, B. Lesikar, J. Sweeten, and R. Burns. 2003. Composting guide index, Prepared by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Initiative Team. Chap. I. The Decomposition process. http://aggie-horticu1ture. tamu. edu/extention/compost/compost.html
  3. Cardenas, R. R., and L. K. Wang. 1989. Evaluation of city refuse compost maturity: A review. Biol. Wastes 27:115-14 https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(89)90039-6
  4. Champagne, E. T., R. M. Rao, J. A. Liuzzo, J. W. Robinson, R. J. Gale, and F. Miller. 1985. Solubility behaviors of the minerals, proteins and phytic acid in rice bran with time, temperature and pH. Cereal Chem. 62:218-222
  5. Chino, M., S. Kanazawa, T. Mori, M. Araragi, and B. Kanke. 1983. Biochemical studies on composting of municipal sewage sludge mixed with rice hull. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 29:159-173 https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1983.10432417
  6. Cho, C. T., B. J. Moon, and S. Y. Ha. 1989. Biological control of Fusarium Oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum causing cucumber wilt by Gliocladium virens and Trichoderma harzianum. Korean J. Plant Pathol. 5:239-249
  7. Ciavatta, C., M. Govi, L. Sitti, and C. Gessa. 1997. Influence of blood meal organic fertilizer on soil organic matter : a laboratory study. J. Plant Nutr. 20:1573-1591 https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169709365358
  8. Cronje, C. 2002. Microbial, chemical and physical aspects of citrus waste composting. Bioresource Technol. 81:71-76 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00058-X
  9. Finstein, M. S., and M. L. Morris. 1975. Microbiology of municipal solid waste composting. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 19:113-151 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70427-1
  10. Han, I. K., and B. J. Chae. 1987. Studies on the nutritive values of locally produced fish meals, II . A study on the amino acid composition of locally produced fish meals. Korean J. Anim. Sci. 29:93-99
  11. Hue, N. V. and J. Liu. 1995. Predicting compost stability. Compost Sci. Util. 3:8-15 https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.1995.10701777
  12. Khan, R. A., and S. K. Saxena. 1997. Integrated management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica infecting tomato using organic materials and Paecilomyces lilacininus. Bioresource Technol. 61:247-250 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00024-2
  13. Kim, C. G. 2003. Evaluation and project on support policies for improvement in environmentally friendly agriculture, p. 5-19. Proceedings of symposium for evaluation and development on policies of environmentally friendly agriculture. Agriculture, Fisheries & Livestock News. Seoul, Korea
  14. Kim, Y. K., M. K. Kang, K. S. Bae, K. S. Lee, and Y. H. Rhee. 1997. Changes in physico-chemical and microbiological parameters during active composting of cattle manure. Korean J. Microbiol. 33:267-273
  15. Lee, J. T., Y. K. Nam, and J. I. Lee. 2001. Changes of physicochemical properties and microflora of pig manure due to composting with some bulking agents. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 34:134-144
  16. Lee, M. S., J. H. Yoo, and J. Y. Lee. 1996. The use of soybean meal, corn gluten meal, meat meal, meat and bone meal, or blood meal as a dietary protein source replacing fish meal in Korean rockfish (Sebastes Schlegeli). Korean J. Nutr. Feed. 20:21-30
  17. Yoon, S. H. 2000. Understanding and usage of organic materials for agriculture, In T. G. Lee (ed.). Theory and practice of environmental agriculture. Heuksalim, Goesan, Korea
  18. Lo, K. V., A. K. Lau, and P. H. Liao. 1993. Composting of separated solid swine Wastes. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 54:307-317 https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1993.1023
  19. Moon, B. J., H. S. Chung, and C. T. Cho. 1988. Studies on antagonism of Trichoderma species to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae. I. Isolation, identification and antagonistic properties of Trichoderma species. Korean J. Plant Pathol. 4:111-123
  20. Mori, T., A. Narita, T .Amimoto, and M. Chino. 1981. Composting of municipal sewage sludge mixed with rice hulls. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 27:477-486 https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1981.10431303
  21. Nakasaki, K., M. Sasaki, M. Shoda, and H. Kubota. 1985. Change in microbial numbers during thermophilic composting of sewage sludge with reference to $CO_2$ evolution rate. Applied Environ. Microb. 49:37-41
  22. Nam, J. J., N. J. Cho, K. Y. Jung, and S. H. Lee. 1998. Conversion factor for determinating carbon contents from organic matter contents in composts by ignition method. J. Korean Soc. Soil Sci. Fert. 31:380-383
  23. Okuda, T., A. Fujiwara, and M. Fuwara. 1982. Correlation between species of Trichoderma and production patterns of isonitrile antibiotics. Agric. Biol. Chem. 46:1811-1822
  24. Pare. T., H. Dinel, M. Schnitzer, and S. Dumontet. 1998. Transformations of carbon and nitrogen during composting of animal manure and shredded paper. Biol. Fertil. Soils 26:173-178 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050364
  25. Panneerslvam, A., and R. Saravanamuthu. 1996. Studies on the saprophytic survival of Fusarium moniforme J. Sheld in soil under treatment of oil cakes, Indian J. Agric. Res. 30:12-16
  26. RDA. 2000. Methods for chemical analysis of soil and plant. National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, RDA, Suwon, Korea
  27. Saifullah, A. G., and M. Zulfiqar. 1990. Promising control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) of tomato through organic amendments. Sarhad J. Agric. 6:417-420
  28. Saifullah, A. G., and S. F. A. Shah. 1990. Control of root-knot nematodes in tomato through organic amendments and NPK. Sarhad J. Agric. 6:95-97
  29. Sandhu, D. K., and M. S. Sidhu. 1980. The fungal succession on decomposing sugar cane bagasse. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 75:281-286 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(80)80090-8
  30. Saunders, R. M. 1990. The properties of rice bran as a foodstuff. Cereal Food. World 35:632-636
  31. Simamoto, K. 2000a. Advanced microbiological farming for promoting soil. Gardening Part. p. 110-131, Translated by Korean Society of Compost Farming (3rd ed.). Seongju, Korea
  32. Simamoto, K. 2000b. Advanced microbiological farming for promoting soil. Gardening Part. p. 181-334, Translated by Korean Society of Compost Farming (3rd ed.). Seongju, Korea
  33. Shon, B. K., J. H. Hong, and K. J. Paik. 1996. Comparative studies on static windrow and aerated static pile composting of the mixtures of cattle manure and rice hulls. J. Korean Soc. Soil Sci. Fert. 29:403-410
  34. Shon B. K., J. H. Hong, K. J. Park. W. M. Yang, K. Y. Kim, and Y. S. Rim. 1997. Emission of $CO_2$ and $NH_3$ from mixed composting cattle manure with rice hull by static windrow and aerated static pile methods, and growth of tomato on it under greenhouse condition. Korean J. Environ. Agric. 16:119-123
  35. Whang, K. S., and K. W. Chang. 1996. Change of microflora in livestock manure during composting process. J. Korean Soc. Soil Sci. Fert. 29:303-311
  36. Whitman, A. 2001. Organic gardening for dummies. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., Foster City, USA