Analysis of Haloacetonitriles in Drinking Water Using Headspace-SPME Technique with GC-MS

Handspace Solid Phase Microextraction 방법에 의한 HANs 분석에 관한 연구

  • 조덕희 (성남시 상하수도사업소 정수과)
  • Received : 2004.07.20
  • Accepted : 2004.08.31
  • Published : 2004.10.15

Abstract

In many drinking water treatment plants, chlorination process is one of the main techniques used for the disinfection of water. This disinfecting treatment leads to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as haloacetonitriles (HANs), trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs). In this study, headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS- SPME) technique was applied for the analysis of HANs in drinking water. The effects of experimental parameters such as selection of SPME fiber, the addition of salts, magnetic stirring, extraction temperature, extraction time and desorption time on the analysis were investigated. Analytical parameters such as linearity, repeatability and detection limits were also evaluated. The $50/30{\mu}m$-divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber, extraction time of 30 minutes, extraction temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and desorption time of 1 minute at $260^{\circ}C$ were the optimal experimental conditions for the analysis of HANs. The correlation coefficients ($r^2$) for HANs was 0.9979~0.9991, respectively. The relative standard deviations (%RSD) for HANs was 2.3~7.6%, respectively. Detection limits (LDs) for HANs was $0.01{\sim}0.5{\mu}g/L$, respectively.

Keywords

References

  1. Aiessman W. Jr and Hammer M. (1998) Water Supply and Pollution Control, 6th ed., p. 461
  2. Banal F. A., AI-Rub F. A. and Simandl J. (1999) Experimental study of the salt effect in vapor/liquid equilibria using head-space gas chromatography. Chemical Engineering Tecbnology, 22, pp. 761-765
  3. Bull R. J. and Kopfler F. C. (1991) Formation and occurrence of disinfectant by-products. In Health Effects of disinfectants and by-products, Denver, CO, AWWA Research Foundation, pp. 55-103
  4. Cancho B., Ventura F. andGalceran M. G. (2001) Determination of aldehydes in drinking water using pentafluorobenzylhy-droxylamine derivatization and solid-phase microextraction, J. Chromatography A, 943, pp. 1-13
  5. Castello G., Gerbino T.C. and Kantiz S. (1986) Sensitivity and linearity of headspace and liquid-liquid extraction tech-niques for gas chromatographic analysis of balocarbons in water, J. Chromatography, 351, pp. 165-175
  6. Dietz E.A. and Singley K.F. (1997) Determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water by headspace gas chromatography, Analytical Chemistry, 51, pp. 1809-1814
  7. European Standard EN ISIl0301 (1997) Water quality: Determination of highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons; Gas chromatographic methods
  8. Jia M., Zhang H. and Min D. (1998) Optimization of solid-phase microextraction analysis for headspace flavor compounds of orange juice, J. Agricultural Food and Chemistry, 46, pp. 2744-2747
  9. Kuivinen J. and Johnsson H. (1999) Determination of tri-halomethanes and some chlorinated solvents in drinking water by headspace technique with capillary column gas-chromatography, Water Research, 33(5), pp. 1201-1208
  10. Kuran P. and Sojak L. (1996) Environmental analysis of volatile organic compounds in water and sediment by gas chromatography, J. Chromatography A, 733, pp. 119-141
  11. Lee Kang-Jin, Kim Byoung-Hwa, Hong Jee-Eun and Pyo Hee-Soo (2001) A study on the distribution of chlorination byproducts (CSPs) in treated water in Korea, Water Research, 35(12), pp. 2861-2872
  12. Mester Z., Sturgeon R. and Pawliszyn J. (2001) Solid phase. microextraction as a tool for trace element speciation, Spectrochimica Acta B, 56, pp. 233-260
  13. Nilsson T., Pelusio F., Montanarella L., Larsen B., Facchetti S. and Madsen J. (1995) An evaluation of solid-phase microex-traction for analysis of volatile organic compounds in drinking water, J. High Resolution Chromatography, 18, pp. 617-624
  14. Norin H. and Renberg L. (1980) Determination of tri-halomethanes (THMs) in water using high efficiency sol-vent extraction, Water Research, 14, pp. 1397-1402
  15. Rodriguez M. J. and Serodes J. B. (2001) Spatial and temporal evaluation of trihalomethanes in three water distribution systems, Water Research, 35(6), pp. 1572-1586
  16. Stack M. A. , Fitzgerald G., O'Connell S. and James K. J. (2000) Measurement of trihalomethanes in potable and recreational waters using solid phase micro extraction with gas chro-matography-mass spectrometry, Chemosphere, 41, pp. 1821-1226
  17. U.S Environmental Protection Agency (1991a) Draft Drinking Water Health Criteria Document for Haloacetonitriles, Chloropicrin, and Cyanogen Chloride, Washington D.C., Criteria and Standards Divisions, Office of Drinking Water
  18. van Langenhove D. J. H. (1999) Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in ambient air and natural waters: a review on recent developments of analytical methodology. perfor-mance and interpretation of field measurements, J. Chromatography A, 843, pp. 163-177
  19. Zhang Z. and Pawliszyn J. (1993) Headspace solid-phase microextraction, Analytical Chemistry 65, pp. 1843-1852
  20. Zhang Z. and Pawliszyn J. (1995) Quantitative extraction using an interally cooled solid phase microextraction device, Analytical Chemistry, 67, pp. 34-43