Ferroelectric domain inversion in $LiNbO_3$ crystal plate during heat treatment for Ti in-diffusion

$Ti:LiNbO_3$ 도파로 제작을 위한 열처리 과정 동안 강유전 도메인 특성에 미치는 영향

  • Yang, W.S. (Nano Bio-photonics Team, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Department of Materials Engineering, Hankuk Aviation University) ;
  • Lee, H.Y. (Nano Bio-photonics Team, Korea Electronics Technology Institute) ;
  • Kwon, S.W. (Department of Materials Engineering, Hankuk Aviation University) ;
  • Kim, W.K. (Nano Bio-photonics Team, Korea Electronics Technology Institute) ;
  • Lee, H.Y. (Nano Bio-photonics Team, Korea Electronics Technology Institute) ;
  • Yoon, D.H. (Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
  • 양우석 (전자부품연구원 나노바이오포토닉스팀, 항공대학교 항공재료학과) ;
  • 이형만 (전자부품연구원 나노바이오포토닉스팀) ;
  • 권순우 (항공대학교 항공재료학과) ;
  • 김우경 (전자부품연구원 나노바이오포토닉스팀) ;
  • 이한영 (전자부품연구원 나노바이오포토닉스팀) ;
  • 윤대호 (성균관대학교 신소재공학과)
  • Published : 2005.06.30

Abstract

It is demonstrated that the annealing process for Ti in-diffusion to z-cut $LiNbO_3$ at temperature lower than the curie temperature in a platinum (Pt) box can cause a ferroelectric micro-domain inversion at the +z surface and Li out-diffusion, therefore which should be avoided or suppressed for waveguide type periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) devices. The depth of the inversion layer depends on the Ti-diffusion conditions such as temperature, atmosphere, the sealing method of $LiNbO_3$ in the Pt box and crystal orientation is experimentally examined. The result shows that the polarization-inverted domain boundary appears at the only +z surface and its thickness is about $1.6{\mu}m$. Also, for the etched $LiNbO_3$, surface the domain shape was observed by the optical microscope and atomic force microscopy (AEM), and distribution of the cation concentrations in the $LiNbO_3$ crystal by the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).

[ $Ti:LiNbO_3$ ], 광도파로 제작을 위해 큐리온도$(T_c)$ 아래에서 백금박스 내에서 알곤 과 산소 분위기 내에서 열처리 과정 동안 기판 표면의 강유전 도메인 특성 변화를 관찰하였다. 열처리 된 $LiNbO_3$ 기판의 +Z면의 경우 전체적으로 약 $1.6{\mu}m$ 두께로 도메인 반전이 이루어 졌으며, 표면에서 etch hillock이 관찰되었다. $LiNbO_3$ 결정 표면의 Li 이온이 외부로 확산 되는 영향을 감소시킬 수 있는 환경에 있는 기판 면에서 하나의 도메인이 관찰되었으며, 이때 결정 표면에서의 식각특성, 결정성 및 양이온 분포변화에 관하여 X-선 회절, AFM 및 SIMS를 이용하여 분석하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. I. Baumann, 'Analysis of optically detected compositional inhomogeneities in Czochralski-grown $LiNbO_3$', J. Crystal Growth 144 (1994) 193
  2. K. Nassau, H.J. Levinstein and G.M. Loiacono, 'Ferroelectric lithium niobate', J. Phys. Chem. Solids 27 (1966) 983 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(66)90070-9
  3. D. Callejo, S. Manotas, M.D. Serrano, V. Bermudez, F. Agullo-rueda and E. Dieguez, 'Compositional study of $LiNbO_3$ thin films frown by liquid phase epitaxy', J. Crystal Growth 226 (2001) 488
  4. C. Alferness and V.R. Ramaswamy, 'Efficient single-mode fiber to titanium diffused lithium niobate waveguide coupling for ${\lambda}$ = 1.32 um', IEEE J. Quantum Electronics QE-18 (1982) 1807
  5. R.J. Esdaile, 'Closed-tube control of out-diffusion during fabrication of optical waveguides in $LiNbO_3$', Appl. Phys. Lett. 33 (1978) 733
  6. E. Myers and R. Bosenberg, 'Periodically poled lithium niobate and quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillators', IEEE J. Quantum Electronics 33 (1997) 1663
  7. D. Hofmann, G. Schreiber, C. Haase, H. Herrmann, W. Grundkotter, R. Ricken and W. Sohler, 'Quisa-phase-matched difference-frequency generation in periodically poled Ti : $LiNbO_3$ channel waveguides', Optics Letters 24 (1999) 896 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.24.000896
  8. K. Kawase, J. Shikata, T. Taniuchi and H. Ito, 'Widely tunable THz-wave generation using $LiNbO_3$ optical parametric oscillator and its application to differential imaging', Proc. SPIE 3465 (1998) 20
  9. S. Miyazawa, 'Optical crystals survived information technology systems', Opto-electronics review 11 (2003) 77