Optimization of Extraction Condition and Stability of Olive Leaf Extract

올리브 잎의 적정 추출조건 및 추출물의 안정성 조사

  • Lee, Ok-Hwan (Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Hee-Bong (Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Jun-Soo (Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Boo-Yong (Graduate School of Complementary Alternative Medicine, Pochon CHA University)
  • 이옥환 (충북대학교 식품공학과) ;
  • 이희봉 (충북대학교 식품공학과) ;
  • 이준수 (충북대학교 식품공학과) ;
  • 이부용 (포천중문의과대학교 대체의학대학원)
  • Published : 2005.04.30

Abstract

Basic optimal extraction condition and stability data were determined for prediction of usefulness of olive leaf as functional food material. Solid contents of olive leaf extracts increased with increasing extraction temperature and ethanol content, and was the highest (38%) under $85^{\circ}C$, 80% ethanol, and 5 hr treatment conditions, Total phenol contents and electron-donating abilities of olive leaf extracts also increased with Increasing ethanol content, and were the highest under $25^{\circ}C$, 80% ethanol, and 1 hr treatment conditions, then slightly decreased during storage at $25,\;55,\;and\;85^{\circ}C$. Olive leaf extract showed high stability under acidic storage condition, while low under alkalic condition.

본 연구에서는 올리브 잎의 적정 추출조건을 모색하고자 추출온도, 추출용매, 추출시간 등을 달리하여 올리브 잎 추출물들을 제조하였고 이들 추출물의 추출수율, 총 페놀 함량, 전자공여능 등을 비교, 분석하며 올리브 잎의 적정 추출조건을 조사하였다. 또한, 올리브 잎 추출물의 저장 안정성을 온도 및 pH 조건에서 검토하여 올리브 잎의 식품소재화를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 추출조건에 따른 올리브 잎 추출물의 고형분 함량은 추출온도가 높아질수록, 추출하는 에탄올의 농도가 높을수록 올리브 잎 추출물들의 고형분 함량은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 추출시간의 경우, 고형분 함량과 추출 시간과의 관계는 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 고형분 함량이 가장 높게 나타난 조건은 $85^{\circ}C$, 80% 에탄올, 5시간 추출한 처리구(30%)이었다. 총 페놀 함량과 전자공여능은 추출용매의 에탄올 농도가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보여 가장 많은 총 페놀 함량과 전자공여능을 나타낸 추출조건은 $25^{\circ}C$에서 80% 에탄올로 1시간 추출한 추출물이었으며 이때의 총 페놀 함량은 22.1%, 전자공여능은 70.5%이었다. $25,\;55,\;85^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 올리브 잎 추출물들은 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 총 페놀 함량과 전자공여능 모두 소량의 감소치를 나타냈지만 올리브 잎 추출물에 함유된 페놀성 화합물들은 비교적 열에 안정하였다. 반면, pH의 경우, 산성과 중성 조건에서는 총 페놀 함량과 전자공여능 모두 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 약알칼리(pH 10) 조건에서는 약간의 감소치를, 강알칼리(pH 14) 조건에서는 급격한 감소치를 보였다. 결론적으로 기능성 식품소재로 올리브 잎 추출물을 제조시 추출용매로는 80% 에탄올을, 추출시간은 1시간 내외로 저온에서 추출하는 것이 바람직하며 올리브 잎 추출물을 저장시 산성 또는 중성 조건에서 저장하는 것이 적절한 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. Gucci R, Lombardini L, Tattini M. Analysis of leaf water relations in leaves of two olive (Olea europaea) cultivars differing in tolerance to salinity. Tree Physiol. 17: 13-21 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.1.13
  2. Medifood. Olive. Available from: http://www.medifood.com.au. Accedded Dec, 2004
  3. The Korean society of food and nutrition. Dictionary of food and nutrition. Korea dictionary research publishing., Seoul, Korea (1998)
  4. Fernandez-Escobar R, Moreno R, Garcia-Creus M. Seasonal changes of mineral nutrients in olive leaves during the alternatebearing cycle. Scientia Hort. 82: 25-45 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00045-X
  5. Zarzuelo A. Vascoliator effect of olive leaf. Planta medica 57: 417-419 (1991) https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960138
  6. Samuelsson G. The blood pressure lowering factor in leaves of Oleaeuropaea. Farmacevtisk Revy. 15: 229-239 (1951)
  7. Aziz NH, Farag SE, Mousa LA, Abo-Zaid MA. Comparative antibacterial and antifungal effects of some phenolic compounds. Microbios. 93: 43-54 (1998)
  8. Ryan D, Prenzler PD, Lavee S, Antolovich M, Robards K. Quantitative changes in phenolic content during physiological development of the olive (Olea europaea) cultivar Hardy's Mammoth. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 2532-2538 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0261351
  9. Campeol E, Flamini G. Cioni PL, Morelli I, Cremonini R, Ceccarini L. Volatile fractions from three cultivars of Olea europaea L. collected in two different seasons. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 1994-1999 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1021/jf026025u
  10. Flarnini G, Cioni PL, Morelli I. Volatiles from leaves, fruits, and virgin oil from Olea europaea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 1382-1386 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020854y
  11. Garcia-Gomez A, Roig A, Bernal MP. Compo sting of the solid fraction of olive mill wastewater with olive leaves: organic matter degradation and biological activity. Bioresour. Technol. 86: 59-64 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00106-2
  12. Ryan D, Antolovich M, Prenzler P, Robards K, Lavee S. Biotransformations of phenolic compounds in Olea europaea L. Scientia Hort. 92: 147-176 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00287-4
  13. Bianco A, Uccella N. Biophenolic components of olives. Food Res. Int. 33: 475-485 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00072-7
  14. Tasioula-Margari M, Ologeri O. Isolation and characterization of virgin olive oil phenolic compounds by HPLC/UV and GCIMS. J. Food Sci. 66: 530-534 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb04597.x
  15. Farag RS, El-Baroty GS, Basuny AM. Safety evaluation of olive phenolic compounds as natural antioxidants. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 54: 159-174 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1080/0963748031000136306
  16. Benavente-Garcia O, Castillo J, Lorente J, Ortuno A, Del-Rio JA. Antioxidant activity of phenolics extracted from Olea europaea L. leaves. Food Chem. 68: 457-462 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00221-6
  17. Skerget M, Kotnik P, Hadolin M, Hra AR, Simoni M, Knez. Phenols, proanthocyanidins, flavones and flavonols in some plant materials and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 89: 191-198 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.02.025
  18. Somova LI, Shode FO, Ramnanan P, Nadar A. Antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic and antioxidant activity of triterpenoids isolated from Olea europaea, subspecies africana leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 84: 299-305 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00332-X
  19. Andrikopoulos NK, Antonopoulou S, Kaliora AC. Oleuropein inhibits LDL oxidation induced by cooking oil frying by-products and platelet aggregation induced by platelet-activating factor. Lebensm.-Wissu.-Technol. 35: 479-484 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.2002.0893
  20. Del-Rio JA, Baidez AG, Botia JM, Ortuno A. Enhancement of phenolic compounds in olive plants (Olea europaea L.) and their influence on resistance against Phytophthora sp. Food Chem. 83: 75-78 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00051-7
  21. Furneri PM, Marino A, Saija A, Uccella N, Bisignano G. In vitro anti mycoplasmal activity of oleuropein. Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents 20: 293-296 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(02)00181-4
  22. Khayyal MT, El-Ghazaly MA, Abdallah DM, Nassar NN, Okpanyi SN, Kreuter MH. Blood pressure lowering effect of an olive leaf extract (Olea europaeai in L-NAME induced hypertension in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 52: 797-802 (2002)
  23. Floch FL, Tena MT, Rios A, Valcarcel M. Supercritical fluid extraction of phenol compounds from olive leaves. Talanta. 46: 1123-1130 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(97)00375-5
  24. Delgado-Pertinez M, Gomez-Cabrera A, Garrido A. Predicting the nutritive value of the olive leaf (Olea europaea): digestibility and chemistry composition and in vitro studies. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 87: 187-201 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00195-4
  25. Briante R, Patumi M, Febbraio F, Nucci R. Production of highly purified hydroxytyrosol form Olea europaea leaf extract biotransformed by hyperthermophilic beta-glycosidase. J. Biotechnol. 111: 67-77 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.03.011
  26. Polzonetti V, Egidi D, Vita A, Vincenzetti S. Natalini P. Involvement of oleuropein in (some) digestive metabolic pathways. Food Chem. 88: 11-15 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.029
  27. Teresa-Satue M, Huang SW, Frankel, EN. Effect of natural antioxidants in virgin olive oil on oxidative stability of refined, bleached and deodorized olive oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 72: 1131-1137 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540978
  28. Blois MS. Antioxidant determination by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 26: 1199-1200 (1958)
  29. Kim NM, Ko SR, Choi KJ, Kim WJ. Effect of some factors on extraction of effectual components in cinnamon extracts. J. Korean Agric. Chem. Soc. 36: 17-22 (1993)
  30. Kim CK, Park MK, Lee 더, Hwang, SJ. Stability of gingko flavonglycoside in gingko extract aqueous solution. J. Korean Pharm. Sci. 19: 213-217 (1989)
  31. Shim KH, Kang KS, Choi JS, Seo KI, Moon JS. Isolation and stability of anthocyanin pigments in grape peels. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 23: 279-286 (1994)
  32. Park YH, Won EK, Son DJ. Effect of on the stability of green tea catechins. J. Fd Hyg. Safety 17: 117-123 (2002)