Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Chitosan on Cholesterol Level and Hepatic Morphology in Ethanol-treated Rats

키토산의 섭취가 에탄올을 급여한 흰쥐의 콜레스테롤농도 및 간조직 헝태에 미치는 영향

  • Kim, Kil-Nam (Dept. of marine Biotechnology, Cheju National University) ;
  • Kim, Se-Kwon (Dept. of Chemistry, Pukung Notional University) ;
  • Jeon, You-Jin (Dept. of marine Biotechnology, Cheju National University)
  • Published : 2005.07.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was designed to determine the effect of chitosan on in vivo lipid metabolism in male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with ethanol. Rats were divided into four groups and reared for 6 weeks: E group ($35\%$ of total calories from ethanol), EC I group ($ethanol+0.5\%$ of chitosan), EC II group ($ethanol +1\%$ of chitosan) and control group (dextrin as much as ethanol treated). The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), GOT and GPT in plasma, and triglyceride (TG) in liver were remarkably increased in the rats treated with ethanol. However, the treatment of $1\%$ chitosan significantly lowered those parameter levels. In particular the values of r-HDL (the ratio of HDL-C to TC) in the rats fed in combination with ethanol and chitosan were relatively higher than that of the E group. The increased lipid droplets were observed in the hepatocytes of the rats treated with ethanol, but chitosan treatment reduced in the number and the size of the lipid droplets. These results suggest that chitosan improve in vivo lipid metabolism and Potentially protect hepatotoxicity of the rat liver treated with ethanol.

흰쥐에 에탄올과 키토산을 병행 섭취시킴으로써 키토산이 에탄올섭취에 의한 흰쥐의 혈청과 간의 지질대사와 간조직 형태에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 조사하였다. 혈청 중 총콜레스테롤과 LDL-콜레스테롤, 그리고 간조직 중 중성지방의 농도는 에탄올의 급여로 인해 증가하였으나 키토산 $1\%$을 병행 섭취시킴으로써 에탄을 식이군에 비해 유의적으로 감소시켰으며 총콜레스테롤에 대한 HDL-콜레스테롤의 비는 에탄을 식이군에 비해 $1.0\%$ 키토산 식이군이 크게 증가 하였다. GOT의 활성은 에탄을 투여 시 유의적인 증가를 보였으나 키토산의 섭취로 에탄올 식이군에 비해 유의적인 감소를 보였다. 간조직의 지방축적 또한 에탄을 급여로 증가하였으나 키토산 $1.0\%$ 급여로 감소되었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 키토산은 흰쥐의 에탄을 섭취에 의하여 유도된 혈청 중 총콜레스테를 농도 및 GOT 활성을 낮추어 주고 또한 간조직의 지방축적을 감소시킴으로써 잠재적으로 간의 손상을 예방할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

Keywords

References

  1. 김용석. 1999. 국내외 알코올사용 장애 선별도구의 비교를 통한 한국 성인의 알코올사용 장애에 관한 역학조사. 한국사회복지학, p 67-88
  2. Baran DT, Teitelbaum SL, Bergfeld MA. 1980. Effects of alcohol ingestion on bone and mineral metabolism in rats. Am J Physiol 238: 507-510
  3. Yki JH, Nikkila EA. 1985. Ethanol decreases glucose utilization in healthy man. J Clin Endocrinol Met 61: 941-945 https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-61-5-941
  4. Baraona E, Pikkarainen P, Salaspuro M, Finkelman F, Lieber CS. 1980. Acute effects of ethanol on hepatic protein synthesis and secretion in the rat. Gastroenterology 79: 104-111
  5. Seo JS. 1995. Hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol consuption and nutritional effects. J East Asian Soc Dietary 5: 371-384
  6. Lieber CS. 1994. Alcohol and the liver: 1994 update. Gastroenterology 106: 1085-1105 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(94)90772-2
  7. Lakshman MR, Chirtel SJ, Chambers LL. 1988. Role of omega3 fatty acids and chronic ethanol in the regulation of plasma and liver lipids and plasma apoproteins Al and E in rats. J Nutr 118: 1299-1303 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/118.11.1299
  8. Arvanitoyamis IS, Nakayama A, Aiba S. 1998. Chitosan and gelatin based edible films: state diagrams, mechanical and permeation properties. Carbohydr Polym 37: 371-382 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00083-6
  9. Vahouny GV, Satchihanandam S, Cassidy MM, Lightfoot FB, Furda J. 1983. Comparative effects of chitosan and cholestyramine on lymphatic absorption of lipids in the rat. Am J Clin Nutr 38: 278-284 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/38.2.278
  10. Sugano M, Fujikawa T, Hiratsuji Y, Nakashima K, Hasegawa Y. 1980. A novel use of chitosan as a hypocholesterolemic agent in rats. Am J Clin Nutr 33: 787-793 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/33.4.787
  11. Maezaki Y, Tsuji K, Nakagawa Y, Kawai Y, Akimoto M, Tsugita T, Takekawa W, Terada A, Hara H, Mitsuoka T. 1993. Hypocholesterolemic effect of chitosan in adult males. Biosci Biotech Biochem 57: 1439-1444 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.57.1439
  12. Razdan A, Pettersson D. 1994. Effect of chitosan on nutrient digestibility and plasma lipid concentration in broiler chickens. Br J Nutr 72: 277-288 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19940029
  13. Nagyvary IJ, Falk JD, Hill ML, Schmidt ML, Wilkins AK, Bradbury EL. 1979. The hypolipidemic activity of chitosan and other polysaccharides in rats. Nutr Rep Int 20: 677-684
  14. Sugano M, Fujikawa T, Hiratsuji Y, Hasegawa Y. 1978. Hypocholesterolemic effects of chitosan in cholesterol-fed rats. Nutr Rep Int 18: 531-537
  15. Jennings CD, Boleyn K, Bridges SR, Wood PJ, Aderson JW. 1988. A comparison of the lipid-lowering and intestinal morphological effects of cholestyramine, chitosan and oat gum in rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 189: 13-20
  16. Fukada Y, Kimura K, Ayaki Y. 1991. Effect of chitosan feeding on intestinal bile acid metabolism in rats. Lipids 26: 395-399 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02537206
  17. Knorr D. 1982. Functional properties of chitin and chitosan. J Food Sci 47: 593-595 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb10131.x
  18. Kim SJ, Kang SY, Park SL, Shin TK, Ko YH. 1998. The effects of chitooligosaccharides in liver function of mouse. Korea J Food Sci Techol 30: 446-449
  19. Rosales-Cortes M, Peregrina-Sandoval J, Banuelos-Pineda J, Sarabia-Estrada R, Gomez-Rodiles CC, Albarran-Rodriguez E, Zaitseva GP, Pita-Lopez ML. 2003. Immunological study of a chitosan prosthesis in the sciatic nerve regeneration of the axotomized dog. J Biomater Appl 18: 15-23 https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328203018001002
  20. Risbud MV, Bhonde MR, Bhonde RR. 2001. Effect of chitosan-polyvinyl pyrrolidone hydrogel on proliferation and cytokine expression of endothelial cells: implications in islet immunoisolation. J Biomed Mater Res 57: 300-305 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4636(200111)57:2<300::AID-JBM1171>3.0.CO;2-Q
  21. Van der Lubben IM, Verhoef JC, Borchard G, Junginger HE. 2001. Chitosan for mucosal vaccination. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 52: 139-144 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00197-1
  22. Westerink MA, Smithson SL, Srivastava N, Blonder J. Coeshott C, Rosenthal GJ. 2001. ProJuvant (Pluronic F127/chitosan) enhances the immune response to intranasally administered tetanus toxoid. Vaccine 20: 711-723 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00423-6
  23. Kobayashi M, Watanabe T, Suzuki S, Suzuki M. 1990. Effect of N-acetyichitohexaose in vitro. Microbiol Immunol 32: 387-395
  24. Jeon YJ, Kim SK. 2002. Antitumor activity of chitosan oligosaccharides produced in ultrafiltration membrane reactor system. J Microbiol Biotechnol 12: 503-507
  25. Qin C, Du Y, Xiao L, Li Z, Gao X. 2002. Enzymic preparation of water-soluble chitosan and their antitumor activity. Int J Biol Macrobiol 31: 111-117 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-8130(02)00064-8
  26. Kato Y, Onishi H, Machida Y. 2000. Biological fate of highly-succinylated N- succinyl-chitosan and antitumor characteristics of its water-soluble conjugate with mitomycin C at i.v. and i.p. administration into tumor-bearing mice. Biol Pharm Bull 23: 1497-1503 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.23.1497
  27. Sato M, Onishi H, Takahara J, Machida Y, Nagai T. 1996. In vivo drug release and antitumor characteristics of water-soluble conjugates of mitomycin C with glycol-chitosan and N-succinyl-chitosan. Biol Pharm Bull 19: 1170-1177 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.19.1170
  28. Tsukada K, Matsumoto T, Aizawa K, Tokoro A, Naruse RS, Suzuki S, Suzuki M. 1990. Antimetastatic and growth-inhibitory effects of N-acetylchitohexaose in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 81: 259-265 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02559.x
  29. Tokoro A, Tatewaki N, Suzuki K, Mikami K, Suzuki S, Suzuki M. 1988. Growth-inhibitory effect of hexa-N-eacetylchitohexaose and chitohexaose against Meth-A solid tumor. Chem Pharm Bull 36: 784-790 https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.36.784
  30. Kim KW, Thomas RL, Lee C, Park HJ. 2003. Antimicrobial activity of native chitosan. J Food Prot 66: 1495-1498 https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-66.8.1495
  31. Rabea EI, Badawy ME, Stevens CV, Smagghe G, Steurbaut W. 2003. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules 4: 1457-1465 https://doi.org/10.1021/bm034130m
  32. Savard T, Beaulieu C, Boucher I, Champagne CP. 2002. Antimicrobial action of hydrolyzed chitosan against spoilage yeasts and lactic acid bacteria of fermented vegetables. J Food Prot 65: 828-833 https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-65.5.828
  33. Jeon YJ, Kim SK. 2001. Effect of antimicrobial activity by chitosan oligosaccharides N-conjugated with asparagine. J Microbial Biotechnol 11: 281-286
  34. Jeon YJ, Pack PJ, Kim SK. 2001. Antimicrobial effect of chitooligosaccharides produced by bioreactor. Carbohydr Polym 44: 71-76 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(00)00200-9
  35. Jeon YJ, Kim SK. 2000. Production of chitooligosaccharides using an ultrafiltration membrane reactor and their antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym 41: 133-141 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(99)00084-3
  36. Roller S, Covill N. 1999. The antifungal properties of chitosan in laboratory media and apple juice. Int J Food Microbiol 47: 67-77 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(99)00006-9
  37. Hadwiger LA, Ogawa T, Kuyama H. 1994. Chitosan polymer sizes effective in inducing phytoalexin accumulation and fungal suppression are verified with synthesized oligomers. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 7: 531-533 https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-7-0531
  38. Choi JH. 1987. A study on fatty acid pattern in brain and liver tissues of developing chicken embryos. MS Thesis. Korea University
  39. Friedwald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18: 499-502
  40. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. 1984. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem 142: 347-350
  41. Pirola RC, Lieber CS. 1975. Energy wastage in rats given drugs that induce microsomal enzymes. J Nutr 105: 1544-1548 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/105.12.1544
  42. Pirola RC, Lieber CS. 1972. The energy cost of the metabolism of drugs, including ethanol. Phamacology 7: 185-196
  43. Gruchow HW, Sobocinski KA, Barboriak JJ, Scheller JG. 1985. Alcohol consumption, nutrient intake and relative body weight among U.S. adults. Am J Clin Nutr 42: 289-595 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/42.2.289
  44. Kim SJ. 1997. Preparation of some medicinal herb liquors and their effects on the liver of rats. MS Thesis. Korea University
  45. Kim MK, Seol EY. 1994. Effect of dietary chitin and chitosan on cadmium toxicity and lipid metabolism in rats. Korean J Nutr 27: 996-1006
  46. LeHoux J, Grondin F. 1993. Some effects of chitosan on liver function in the rat. Endocrinology 132: 1078-1084 https://doi.org/10.1210/en.132.3.1078
  47. Chung GH, Kim BS, Hur JW, Chung SY. 1996. Effect of dietary lobster shrimp chitosan on lipid metabolism in diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 25: 384-391
  48. Gordon TW, Castelli P, Dawber TR. 1981. Lipoprotein, cardiovascular disease and death, the Framingham study. Arch Inter Med 141: 1128-1135 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.141.9.1128
  49. Woollett LA, Baldner-Shank GL, Aprahamian S, Engen RL, Beitz DC. 1987. Adaptation of lipogenesis and lipolysis to dietary ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 11: 336-339 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01321.x
  50. Savolainen MJ, Baranona E, Leo MA, Lieber CS. 1986. Pathogenesis of the hypertriglyceridemia at early stages of alcoholic liver injury in the baboon. J Lipid Res 27: 1073-1083
  51. Takeda Y, Ichihara A, Tanioka H, Inove H. 1964. The biochemistry of animal cells, the effect of corticosteroids on leakage of enzyme from dispersed rat liver cell. J Biol Chem 239: 3590-3596
  52. Figueroa RB, Klotz AP. 1962. Alterations of alcohol dehydrogenase and other hepatic enzymes following oral alcohol intoxication. Am J Clin Nutr 11: 235-239 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/11.3.235
  53. Harata J. Nageta M, Sasaki E, Ishiguro I, Ohta Y, Yamazaki M, Hoshino T. 1982. Changes in activities of various enzyme and GOT isoenzyme in serum and liver of prolonged alcohol-administered rats. Jpn J Alcol & Drug Dependence 17: 237-244
  54. Decarli LM, Lieber CS. 1967. Fatty liver in the rat after prolonged intake of ethanol with a nutritionally adequate new liquid diet. J Nutr 91: 331-336 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20031070