Effects of Dietary Betaine and Protein Levels on Performance, Blood Composition, Abdominal Fat and Liver Amino Acid Concentration in Laying Hens

사료내 비태인과 단백질 수준이 산란계의 생산 능력, 혈액의 조성, 복강지방 및 간의 아미노산 함량에 미치는 영향

  • Park J. H. (Department of Animal Resources and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Park S. Y. (Department of Animal Resources and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Ryu K. S. (Department of Animal Resources and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University)
  • 박재홍 (전북대학교 동물자원과학과) ;
  • 박수영 (전북대학교 동물자원과학과) ;
  • 류경선 (전북대학교 동물자원과학과)
  • Published : 2005.09.01

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary betaine and protein levels on performance, internal e99 Qualify, blood composition, abdominal fat and liver amino acid concentration in laying hens. A total of 432 ISA-Brown laying hens were randomly allotted to four treatments with six replications for twenty few weeks. Treatments were factorially designed with two levels of crude protein(14.5 and $16.5\%$) and two levels of betaine(0 and 600ppm). The egg production was increased by feeding $16.5\%$ protein-fed group compared to that of $14.5\%$ protein-fed groups(P<0.05), but was different from betaine supplementation. Increasing protein and betaine supplementation to diets improved egg weight, egg mass and fred conversion(P<0.05). Eggshell breaking strength, thickness and Haugh unit were not influenced by either dietary betaine or protein levels. Dietary betaine did not affect serum total protein, albumin and uric acid concentration, whereas uric acid concentration was increased in $16.5\%$ protein-fed groups(P<0.05). The deposition of abdominal fat was lower in 600ppm betaine groups compared to those fed on 0ppm betaine groups(P<0.05). Concentration of the most hepatic amino acids were affected by dietary protein levels and betaine supplementation. There were synergistic effect between dietary protein and betaine. These results suggested that dietary betaine can improve the egg weight, mass, feed conversion and decrease the abdominal fat, but increase the hepatic amino acid contents.

산란계 사료내 비태인의 첨가가 사료내 조단백질 수준에 따라 산란계의 생산성, 난 품질, 혈액 성상, 복강 지방 및 간의 아미노산 함량에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 구명하기 위하여 산란계 18주령 ISA-Brown산란계 432수를 이용하여 24주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 조단백질(14.5, $16.5\%$)과 비태인(0, 600ppm)을 각각 다른 수준으로 급여하여 $2\times2$ 요인분석시험을 실시하였다. 시험 사료는 대사 에너지 수준이 2,800kcal/kg, methionine과 lysine, cysteine의 수준은 단백질 수준에 비례하도록 배합하였다. 산란율과 난중은 매일 조사하였고, 사료 섭취 량과 계란 품질은 4주마다 측정하였다. 시험 종료시 복강지방과 간을 채취하였으며, 혈액중의 총단백질과 알부민, 요산 함량을 측정하였다. 산란율은 단백질 $16.5\%$ 처리구가 $14.5\%$ 처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 비태인 급여에 의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 난중은 단백질 $16.5\%$ 처리구와 비태인 600ppm 첨가구에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 산란량 또한 단백질 $16.5\%$ 처리구와 비태인 600ppm 첨가구에서 증가하였다(P<0.05). 그리고 사료요구율도 단백질 $16.5\%$ 처리구와 비태인 600ppm 첨가구에서 유의하게 개선되었다(P<0.05). 난각강도, 난각 두께, 호유닛은 비태인 첨가로 처리구간에 차이를 나타내지 못하였다. 혈청의 total protein과 albumin 함량은 처리구간에 통계적인 차이가 없었고, uric acid는 사료내 단백질 수준에 의존적으로 증가하였지만, 비태인 급여 수준의 차이가 미치는 영향은 없었다. 복강지방 함량은 비태인 600ppm 첨가구에서 무첨가구에 비하여 현저하게 감소되었다(P<0.05). 간의 아미노산 함량은 높은 단백질 수준$(16.5\%)$ 또는 비태인(600ppm) 첨가로 인하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 그리고 단백질 함량이 낮은 $14.5\%$ 처리구에서는 비태인을 첨가함으로써 간의 아미노산 함량에 상승 효과를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 본 시험 결과, 비태인은 산란계의 생산성을 개선시키며, 복강 지방을 감소시키고, 저단백질 사료에서 간의 아미노산 함량 증가에 효과적으로 작용하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Baker DR, Czarnecki GL 1985 Transmethylation of homocysteine to methionine: efficiency in the rat and chick. J Nutr 115:1291-1299 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/115.10.1291
  2. Chi MS, Speers GM 1976 Effects of dietary protein and lysine levels on plasma amino acids, nitrogen retention and egg production in laying hens. J Nutr 106:1192-1201 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/106.8.1192
  3. Esteve-Garcia E, Stefan M 2000 The effect of DL-methionine and betaine on growth performance and carcass characteristics in broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 87:85-93
  4. Fernandez-Figares I, Wray-Cahen D, Steele NC, Campbell RG, Hall DD, Virtanen E 2002 Effect of dietary betaine on nutrient utilization and partitioning in the young growing feed-restricted pig. J Anim Sci 80:421-428
  5. Harms RH, Russell GB 2002 Betaine does not improve performance of laying hens when the diet contains adequate choline. Poult Sci 81 :99-101 https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.1.99
  6. Harms RH, Ruiz N, Miles RD 1990 Conditions necessary for a response by the commercial laying hen to supplemental choline and sulfate. Poult Sci 69: 1226-1229 https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0691226
  7. Jansen GR, Schibly MB, Masor M, Sampson DA, Longenecker JB 1986 Free animo acid levels during lactation in rats. Effects of protein quality and protein quantity. J Nutr 116: 376-387 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/116.3.376
  8. Jansen GR, Binard R, Longenecker JB 1991 Protein quality and quantity influence free amino acid levels in the brain and serum of rats during lactation. J Nutr 121:1187-1194 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/121.8.1187
  9. Keshavarz K, Austic RE 1985 An investigation concerning the possibility of replacing supplemental methionine with choline in practical laying rations. Poult Sci 64:114-118 https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0640114
  10. Kidd MT, Ferket PR, Garlich JD 1997 Nutritional and osmoregulatory functions of betaine. World Poultry Sci J 53: 125139
  11. Matthews JO, Southern LL, Pontif JE, Higbie AD, Bidner TD, 1998 Interactive effects of betaine, crude protein, and net energy in finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 76:2444-2455
  12. Matthews JO, Southern LL, Higbie AD, Persica MA, Bidner TD 2001 Effects of betaine on growth, carcass characteristics, pork quality, and plasma metabolites of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 79:722-728
  13. Park TS, Rogers QR 1995 Changes in blood and tissue free amino acid concentrations in cats adapted to low-and highprotein diets. Korean J Nutrition 28:976-985
  14. SAS Instutute 1996 $SAS/STAT^{circledR}$ Guide Version 6.12. SAS Institute Inc. Cary NC
  15. Saunderson CL, MacKinlay J 1990 Changes in body-weight, composition and hepatic enzyme activities in response to dietary methionine, betaine and choline levels in growing chicks. British Journal of Nutrition 63:339-349 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19900120
  16. Schutte JB, De Jong J, Smink W, Pack M 1997 Replacement value of betaine for DL-methionine in male broiler chicks. Poult Sci 76:321-325 https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.2.321
  17. Simon I 1999 Choline, betaine and methionine interactions in chickens, pigs and fish including crustaceans. World's poult Sci 55:353-374 https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS19990025
  18. Steel RGD, Tome ill 1980 Principles and procedure of statistics. McGraw Hill New York
  19. Virtanen E 1992 Betaine liefert effektiv methylgruppen. Kraftfutter 6:261-262
  20. Virtanen E, McNaughton I, Rosi L, Hall D 1993 Effects of betaine supplementation on intestinal lesions, mortality and performance of coccidia-challenged broiler chicks. Proceedings of the 9th European Symposium in Poultry Nutrition. leleniaGora Poland pp.433-436
  21. Virtanen El, Rosi L 1995 Effects of betaine on methionine requirement of broilers under various environ-mental conditions. Proc Aus Poult Sci Symp 7:88-92