Nutritional Sciences

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

Effects of a High Protein Diet and Aerobic Exercise on Body Weight Changes and Blood Lipids in Slightly Overweight Women

  • Published : 2005.02.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To examine the combined effects of a high-protein diet and aerobic exercise on body weight and composition and blood lipid profiles in overweight women, 30 young women were recruited and placed into three groups: The high-protein diet and exercise group (HPE), the exercise-only group (EXO) and the control group (CON) (30$\pm$3%, 27$\pm$2%, and 29$\pm$3% body fat, respectively) for an 8-week experimental period. Daily diet included 25% isolated soybean protein (>90% protein, approximately 400 kcal) combined with each subject s usual diet for the HPE group. The exercise program consisted of aerobic-type exercises undertaken >3 times/wk and for>30 min/session at 50-60% of maximal capacity. Physical fitness, body composition, serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and glucose were measured before and after the experiment. Maximal aerobic capacity increased by the end of experiment in both the HPE (from 27.2$\pm$3.5 to 35.l$\pm$5.9 ml/kg/min, p<0.01) and EXO (from 30.3$\pm$5.4 to 33.8$\pm$3.8 mㅣ/kg/min, p<0.05) groups. Percent body fat decreased by 3.3% (p<0.01) in the HPE group and by 1.5% (p<0.05) in the EXO group by the end of the experiment, but not in the CON group. Lower back strength and agility increased only in the HPE group. In the HPE group, TC decreased from 168$\pm$20 to 155$\pm$18 mg/dL and HDL-C increased from 57$\pm$l0 to 61$\pm$9 mg/dL in HPE (p<0.01). But TC and HDL-C did not change in the EXO and CON groups. TG and glucose did not vary among the groups. Although the EXO group showed a similar outcome to that of the HPE group, a favorable change in body composition and blood lipids as well as an improvement in aerobic capacity was more marginal in the latter group.

Keywords

References

  1. Seidell JC. Obesity in Europe. Obes Res 3:249s-259s, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00145.x
  2. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes 22:39-47, 1998
  3. Hartz AJ, Rupley DC, Rim AA. The association of girth measurements with disease in 32,856 women. Am J Epidemiol 119:71-80, 1984
  4. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Arky RA, Speizer FE. Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol 132:501-513, 1990
  5. Lew EA, Garfinkel L. Variations in mortality by weight among 750,000 men and women. J Chronic Dis 32:563-576, 1979 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(79)90119-X
  6. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Physical activity, obesity and risk for colon cancer and adenoma in men. Ann Intern Med 122: 327-334, 1995 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-122-5-199503010-00002
  7. Shaper AG, Wannamethee SG, Walker M. Body weight: implications for the prevention of coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus in a cohort study of middle aged men. Br Med J 314:1311-1317, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7090.1311
  8. Jakicic JM, Clark K, Coleman E, Donnelly JE, Foreyt J, Melanson E, Volek J, Volpe SL. ACSM Position Stand: Appropriate intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:2145-2156, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200112000-00026
  9. Van Gaal LF, Wauters MA, De Leeuw IH. The beneficial effects of modest weight loss on cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 21:S5-S9, 1997
  10. Wing RR, Jeffery RW, Burton LR, Thorson C, Kuller LH, Folsom AR. Change in waist-hip ration with weight loss and its association with change in cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 55:1086-1092, 1992
  11. Jakicic JM, Winters C, Lang W, Wing RR. Effects of intermittent exercise and use of home exercise equipment on adherence, weight loss, and fitness in overweight women: a randomized trial. JAMA 282:1554-1560, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.16.1554
  12. Wadden TA, Vogt RA, Andersen RE, Bartlett SJ, Foster GD, Kuehnel RH, Wilk J, Weinstock R, Buckenmeyer P, Berkowitz RI, Steen SN. Exercise in the treattnent of obesity: effects of four interventions on body composition, resting energy expenditure, appetite, and mood. J Consult Clin Psychol 65:269-277, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.65.2.269
  13. Schlundt DG, Hill JO, Pope-Cordle J, Arnold D, Virts KL, Katahn M. Randomized evaluation of a low fat ad libitum carbohydrate diet for weight reduction. Int J Obes 17:623­-629, 1993
  14. Crovetti R, Porrini M, Santangelo A, Testolin G. The influence of thermic effect of food on satiety. Eur J Clin Nutr 52:482-488, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600578
  15. Westerterp KR, Wilson SA, Rollad V. Diet induced thermogenesis measured over 24 h in a respiration chamber: effect of diet composition. Int J Obes 23:287-292, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800810
  16. Miller WC. Effective diet and exercise treatments for overweight and recommendations for intervention. Sports Med 31:717-724, 2001 https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131100-00002
  17. Cho NH, Lee DJ, Kim SM, Lee EJ. A study of effect of low calorie high protein diet on weight and health risk reduction. J Korean Soc Study Obes 6:67-73, 1997
  18. Skov AR, Toubro S, Ronn B, Holm L, Astrup A. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes 23:528-536, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800867
  19. Ross R, Freeman JA, Janssen I. exercise alone is an effective strategy for reducing obesity and related comorbidities. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 28:165-170, 2000
  20. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. Obes Res 6:51S-209S, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00690.x
  21. Miller WC, Koceia DM, Hamilton EJ. A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight loss research using diet, exercise, or diet plus exercise intervention. Int J Obes 21:941-947, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800499
  22. Pronk NP, Wing RR. Physical activity and long-term maintenance of weight loss. Obes Res 2:587-599, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1994.tb00110.x
  23. Heyward VH. Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription. 3rd edition, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, 1998
  24. Baechle TR, Earle RW. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. 2nd edition, National Strength & Conditioning Association, Human Kinetics, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, 2000
  25. Astrup A. Macronutrient balances and obesity: the role of diet and physical activity. Pub Health Nutr 2:341-347, 1999
  26. Blundell JE, MacDiarmid Jl. Passive overconsumption. Fat intake and short-term energy balance. Ann NY Acad Sci 827:392-407, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51850.x
  27. Luscombe ND, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Farnsworth E, Wittert G. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on weight loss and energy expenditure after weight stabilization in hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes 27:582-590, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802270
  28. Demling RH, DeSanti L. Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers. Ann Nutr Metab 44:21-29, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1159/000012817
  29. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MPGM, Nijs I, Van Ooijen M, Kovacs EMR. High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans. Int J Obes 28:57-64, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802461
  30. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Rolland V, Wilson SAJ, Wes­terterp KR. Satiety related to 24 h diet-induced thermogenesis during high protien/carbohydrate vs high fat diets measured in a respiration chamber. Eur J Clin Nutr 53:495-502, 1999a https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600782
  31. Melanson K, Gootman J, Myrdal A, Kline G, Rippe JM. Weight loss and total lipid profile changes in overweight women consuming beef or chicken as the primary protein source. Nutrition 19:409-414, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(02)01080-8
  32. Wu J, Wang X, Chiba H, Higuchi M, Nakatani T, Ezaki O, Cui H, Yamada K, Ishimi Y. Combined intervention of soy isoflavone and moderate exercise prevents body fat elevation and bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Metabolism 53:942­948, 2004
  33. Henkel J. Soy. FDA Consumer, May-June, pp.13-20, 2000