Present Practice and Perspective of Evaluation and Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

  • Clusmann, Hans (Department of Neurosurgery, University Bonn Medical Center) ;
  • Kral, Thomas (Department of Neurosurgery, University Bonn Medical Center) ;
  • Schramm, Johannes (Department of Neurosurgery, University Bonn Medical Center)
  • Published : 2005.09.28

Abstract

Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy refractory to medical treatment is a promising treatment option. After a short overview on historical developments in this field, we describe the present practice of presurgical evaluation and resection strategies as practiced at our institution and review the corresponding publications from other centers. We try to delineate major future developments for surgical therapy of temporal lobe epilepsy, as they can derived from present trends.

Keywords

References

  1. Altshuler L, Rausch R, Delrahim S, Kay J, Crandall P : Temporal lobe epilepsy, temporal lobectomy, and major depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 11 : 436-443, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.11.4.436
  2. Armon C, Radtke RA, Friedman AH, Dawson DV: Predictors of outcome of epilepsy surgery: multivariate analysis with validation. Epilepsia 37: 814-821,1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00033.x
  3. Arruda F, Cendes F, Andermann F, Dubeau F, Villemure JG, Jones-Gotman M, et al : Mesial atrophy and outcome after amygdalohippo-campectomy or temporal lobe removal. Ann Neurol 40: 446-450,1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410400314
  4. Assaf BA, Karkar KM, Laxer KD, Garcia PA, Austin EJ, Barbaro NM, et al : Magnetoencephalography source localization and surgical outcome in temporal lobe epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 115 : 2066-2076,2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2004.04.020
  5. Awad IA, Katz A, Hahn JF, Kong AK, Ahl J, Luders H: Extent of resection in temporal lobectomy for epilepsy. I. Interobserver analysis and correlation with seizure outcome. Epilepsia 30: 756-762, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05335.x
  6. Awad IA, Nayel MH, Luders H : Second operation after the failure of previous resection for epilepsy. Neurosurgery 28: 510-518, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199104000-00005
  7. Aydemir N, Ozkara C, Canbeyli R, Tekcan A: Changes in quality of life and self-perspective related to surgery in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 5: 735-742, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.06.022
  8. Bailey P, Gibbs F : The surgical treatment of psychomotor epilepsy. JAMA 145 : 365-370,1951 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1951.02920240001001
  9. Behrens E, Schramm J, Zentner J, Konig R: Surgical and neurological complications in a series of 708 epilepsy surgery procedures. Neurosurgery 41: 1-9, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199707000-00004
  10. Behrens E, Zentner J, Van Roost D, Hufnagel A, Elger CE, Schramm J : Subdural and depth electrodes in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Acta Neurochir 128 : 84-87, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01400656
  11. Bengzon AR, Rasmussen T, Gloor P, Dussault J, Stephens M : Prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of temporal lobe epileptics. Neurology 18: 717-731,1968 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.18.8.717
  12. Berg AT, Vickrey BG, Langfitt JT, Sperling MR, Walczak TS, Shinnar S, et al : The multicenter study of epilepsy surgery: recruitment and selection for surgery. Epilepsia 44 : 1425-1433, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.24203.x
  13. Berger H : Uber das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. Arch Psychiat Nervenkr 87: 527-570, 1929 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01797193
  14. Berkovic SF, McIntosh AM, Kalnins RM, Jackson GD, Fabinyi GC, Brazenor GA, et al : Preoperative MRI predicts outcome of temporal lobectomy: an actuarial analysis. Neurology 45 : 1358-1363, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.45.7.1358
  15. Bertram EH, Williamson JM, Cornett JF, Spradlin S, Chen ZF : Design and construction of a long-term continuous video-EEG monitoring unit for simultaneous recording of multiple small animals. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc 2: 85-97, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-299X(97)00033-0
  16. Bladin PF : Psychosocial difficulties and outcome after temporal lobectomy. Epilepsia 33 : 898-907, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02198.x
  17. Blatt DR, Roper SN, Friedman WA: Invasive monitoring of limbic epilepsy using stereotactic depth and subdural strip electrodes: surgical technique. Surg Neurol 48: 74-79, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-3019(96)00277-7
  18. Bonilha L, Kobayashi E, Mattos JP, Honorato DC, Li LM, Cendes F : Value of extent of hippocampal resection in the surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 62: 15-20,2004 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2004000100003
  19. Carne RP, O'Brien TJ, Kilpatrick CJ. MacGregor LR, Hicks RJ, Murphy MA, et al : MRI-negative PET-positive temporal lobe epilepsy: a distinct surgically remediable syndrome. Brain 127 : 2276-2285,2004 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh257
  20. Cascino GD : Surgical treatment for epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 60 : 179-186,2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2004.07.003
  21. Cascino GD : Video-EEG monitoring in adults. Epilepsia 43 : 80-93, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.43.s.3.14.x
  22. Cascino GD, Jack CR Jr, Parisi JE, Marsh WR, Kelly PJ, Sharbrough FW, et al : MRI in the presurgical evaluation of patients with frontal lobe epilepsy and children with temporal lobe epilepsy : pathologic correlation and prognostic importance. Epilepsy Res 11 : 51-59, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-1211(92)90021-K
  23. Cascino GD, Jack CR Jr, Parisi JE, Sharbrough FW, Hirschorn KA, Meyer FB, et al : Magnetic resonance imaging-based volume studies in temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological correlations.Ann Neural 30 : 31-36, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410300107
  24. Cascino GD, Trenerry MR, Sharbrough FW, So EL, Marsh WR, Strelow DC : Depth electrode studies in temporal lobe epilepsy : relation to quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and operative outcome. Epilepsia 36 : 230-235, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb00989.x
  25. Cascino GD, Trenerry MR, So EL, Sharbrough FW, Shin Co Lagerlund TD, et al : Routine EEG and temporal lobe epilepsy: relation to long-term EEG monitoring, quantitative MRI, and operative outcome. Epilepsia 37 : 651-656, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00629.x
  26. Cendes F, Cook MJ, Watson C, Andermann F, Fish DR, Shorvon SD, et al : Frequency and characteristics of dual pathology in patients with lesional epilepsy. Neurology 45 : 2058-2064, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.45.11.2058
  27. Cendes F, Leproux F, Melanson D, Ethier R, Evans A, Peters T, et al : MRI of amygdala and hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17: 206-210,1993 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004728-199303000-00008
  28. Chovaz q, McLachlan RS, Derry PA, Cummings AL : Psychosocial function following temporal lobectomy : influence of seizure control and learned helplessness. Seizure 3 : 171-176, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1059-1311(05)80185-2
  29. Clusmann H, Kral T, Fackeldey E, Blumcke I, Helmstaedter C, von Oertzen J, et al : Lesional mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and limited resections-prognostic factors and outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 : 1589-1596,2004 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2003.024208
  30. Clusmann H, Kral T, Gleissner U, Sassen R, Urbach H, Blumcke I, et al : Analysis of different types of resection for pediatric patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosurgery 54: 1-13,2004 https://doi.org/10.1093/neurosurgery/54.1.1
  31. Clusmann H, Kral T, Marin G, Van Roost D, Swamy K, Schramm J : Characterization of hemorrhagic complications after surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy. Zentralbl Neurochir 65 : 128-134,2004 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-822788
  32. Clusmann H, Schramm J, Kral T, Helmstaedter C, Ostertun B, Fimmers R, et al : Prognostic factors and outcome after different types of resection for temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosurg 97 : 1131-1141, 2002 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.5.1131
  33. Cohen-Gadol AA, Britton JW, Wetjen NM, Marsh WR, Meyer FB, Raffel C : Neurostimulation therapy for epilepsy: current modalities and future directions. Mayo Clin Proc 78: 238-248, 2003 https://doi.org/10.4065/78.2.238
  34. Daurnas-Duport C, Scheithauer BW, Chodkiewicz JP, Laws ER Jr, Vedrenne C : Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor: a surgically curable tumor of young patients with intractable partial seizures. Report of thirty-nine cases. Neurosurgery 23 : 545-556, 1988 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198811000-00002
  35. Duncan R, Patterson J, Roberts R, Hadley DM, Bone I: Ictal/postictal SPECT in the pre-surgical localisation of complex partial seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56: 141-148, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.56.2.141
  36. Egan RA, Shults WT, So N, Burchiel K, Kellogg JX, Salinsky M : Visual field deficits in conventional anterior temporal lobectomy versus amygdalohippocampectomy. Neurology 55 : 1818-1822, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.55.12.1818
  37. Elger CE, Grunwald T, Lehnertz K, Kuras M, Helmstaedrer C, Brockhaus A, et al : Human temporal lobe potentials in verbal learning and memory processes. Neuropsychologia 35 : 657-667, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(96)00110-8
  38. Elger CE, Hufnagel A, Schramm J : Epilepsy Surgery Protocol University Hospital, Bonn, Germany, in Luders HO (ed) : Epilepsy Surgery. New York: Raven Press, 1992, pp783-784
  39. Elwes RD, Dunn G, Binnie CD, Polkey CE : Outcome following resective surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy: a prospective follow up study of 102 consecutive cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54 : 949-952, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.54.11.949
  40. Engel J Jr, Van Ness P, Rasmussen TB, Ojemann LM : Outcome with respect to epileptic seizures, in Engel J, Jr (00) : Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies, 2nd Ed. New York: Raven Press Ltd., 1993, pp609-621
  41. Engel J Jr. :A Greater Role for Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy : Why and When? Epilepsy Curr 3: 37-40, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1535-7597.2003.03201.x
  42. Engel J Jr. : Multimodal approaches in the evaluation of epilepsy patients for surgery. Electroencephalogr Coo Neurophysiol Suppl 50 : 40-52, 1999
  43. Engel JJ : Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies, 2nd Ed. New York: Raven Press, 1993
  44. Falconer MA : Discussion on the surgery of temporal lobe epilepsy: surgical and poathological aspects. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 46: 971-974, 1953
  45. Falconer MA: The significance of mesial temporal sclerosis (Ammon's horn sclerosis) in epilepsy. Guys Hosp Rep 117: 1-12, 1968
  46. Falconer MA, Taylor DC: Surgical treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy due to mesial temporal sclerosis. Etiology and significance. Arch Neurol 19 : 353-361, 1968 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1968.00480040019001
  47. Fernandez G, de Greiff A, von Oertzen J, Reuber M, Lun S, Klaver P, et al : Language mapping in less than 15 minutes: real-time functional MRI during routine clinical investigation. Neuroimage 14 : 585-594, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2001.0854
  48. Fernandez G, Hufnagel A, Van Roost D, Helmstaedter C, Wolf HK, Zentner J, et al : Safery of intrahippocampal depth electrodes for presurgical evaluation of patients with intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia 38: 922-929,1997 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01258.x
  49. Fischer MJ, Scheler G, Stefan H : Utilization of magnetoencephalography results to obtain favourable outcomes in epilepsy surgery. Brain 128 : 153-157, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh333
  50. Foerster O : Pathogenese und chirurgische Behandlung der Epilepsie. Zentralbl Chir 52: 531-549,1925
  51. Foldvary N, Nashold B, Mascha E, Thompson EA, Lee N, McNamara JO, et al : Seizure outcome after temporal lobectomy for temporal lobe epilepsy: a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Neurology 54: 630-634,2000 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.54.3.630
  52. Germano IM, Poulin N, Olivier A: Reoperation for recurrent temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosurg 81 : 31-36,1994 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.81.1.0031
  53. Gil-Fernandez JJ : Analysis of surgical blood loss and number of blood transfusions after temporal lobe resection performed in adults with epilepsy receiving valproate(VPA) in the immediate preoperative period. Epilepsia 38: 1257-1258, 1997
  54. Gilliam F : The impact of epilepsy on subjective health status. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 3 : 357-362, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-003-0014-0
  55. Gilliam F, Faught E, Martin R, Bowling S, Bilir E, Thomas J, et al : Predictive value of MRI-identified mesial temporal sclerosis for surgical outcome in temporal lobe epilepsy: an intent-to-treat analysis. Epilepsia 41 : 963-966, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00279.x
  56. Gleissner U, Helmstacdter C, Elger CE : Right hippocampal contribution to visual memory : a presurgical and postsurgical study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65 : 665-669, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.65.5.665
  57. Gleissner U, Helmstaedter C, Schramm J, Elger CE: Memory outcome after selective amygdalohippocampectomy in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: one-year follow-up. Epilepsia 45 : 960-962, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.42203.x
  58. Gleissner U, Helmsraedrer C, Schramm J, ElgerCE : Memory ourcome after selective amygdalohippocampectomy : a study in 140patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. 43 : 87-95,2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.24101.x
  59. Gleissner U, Sassen R, Lendr M, Clusmann H, Elger CE, Helmstaedter C : Pre- and postoperative verbal memory in pediatric patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 51 : 287-296, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-1211(02)00158-4
  60. Goldensohn E: Historical perspectives, in Engel J, Jr, Pedley TA (eds) : Epilepsy: A comprehensive Textbook Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997, pp15-39
  61. Goldstein LH, Polkey CE : Behavioural memory after temporal lobectomy or amygdalo-hippocampectomy. Be J Clin Psychol 31 : 75-81, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00969.x
  62. Goldstein LH, Polkey CE : Short-term cognitive changes after unilateral temporal lobectomy or unilateral amygdalo-hippocampectomy for the relief of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56 : 135-140, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.56.2.135
  63. Grunwald T, Elger CE, Lehnertz K, Van Roost D, Heinze HJ : Alterations of intrahippocampal cognitive potentials in temporal lobe epilepsy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 95 : 53-62, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(95)00015-Q
  64. Grunwald T, Lehnertz K, Pezer N, Kurthen M, Van Roost D, Schramm J, et al : Prediction of postoperative seizure control by hippocampal event-related potentials. Epilepsia 40 : 303-306, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00708.x
  65. Guldvog B, Loyning Y, Hauglie-Hanssen E, Flood S, Bjornaes H : Predictive factors for success in surgical treatment for partial epilepsy : a multivariate analysis. Epilepsia 35: 566-578, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02476.x
  66. Hamer HM, Najm I, Mohamed A, Wyllie E : Interictal epileptiform discharges in temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis versus medial temporal lobe tumors. Epilepsia 40: 1261-1268, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00856.x
  67. Hellstrand E, Abraham-Fuchs K, Jernberg B, Kihlstrom L, Knutsson E, Lindquist C, et al : MEG localization of interictal epileptic focal activity and concomitant stereotactic radiosurgery. A non-invasive approach for patients with focal epilepsy. Physiol Meas 14 : 131-136, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/14/2/004
  68. Helmstaedter C : Neuropsychological aspects of epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy Behav 5 (Suppl I) : S45-55, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.006
  69. Helmstaedter C, Elger CE: Cognitive consequences of two-thirds anterior temporal lobectomy on verbal memory in 144 patients : a three-month follow-up study. Epilepsia 37: 171-180, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00009.x
  70. Helmstaedter C, Elger CE, Hufnagel A, Zentner J, Schramm J : Different effects of left anterior temporal lobectomy, selective amygdalohippocampectomy, and temporal cortical lesionectomy on verbal learning, memory, and recognition. J Epilepsy 9 : 39-45, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6974(95)00070-4
  71. Helmstaedter C, Grunwald T, Lehnertz K, Gleissner U, Elger CE : Differential involvement of left temporolateral and temporomesial structures in verbal declarative learning and memory: evidence from temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Cogn 35 : 110-131, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1006/brcg.1997.0930
  72. Helmstaedrer C, Lendt M, Lux S : VMLT Verbaler Lern-und Merkfuhigkeitstest. Gottingen : Beltz Test GmbH, 2001
  73. Helmstaedter C, Pohl C, Hufnagel A, Elger CE : Visual learning deficits in nonresected patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy. Cortex 27: 547-555, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(13)80004-4
  74. Helmstaedter C, Van Roost D, Clusmann H, Urbach H, Elger CE, Schramm J : Collateral brain damage, a potential source of cognitive impairment after selective surgery for control of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 : 323-326, 2004
  75. Hennessy M], Elwes RD, Binnie CD, Polkey CE : Failed surgery for epilepsy: A study of persistence and recurrence of seizures following temporal resection. Brain 123 : 2445-2466, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.12.2445
  76. Hennessy MJ, Elwes RD, Honavar M, Rabe-Hesketh S, Binnie CD, Polkey CE : Predictors of outcome and pathological considerations in the surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy associated with temporal lobe lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70 : 450-458, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.70.4.450
  77. Hennessy MJ, Elwes RD, Rabe-Hesketh S, Binnie CD, Polkey CE : Prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of medically intractable epilepsy associated with mesial temporal sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 103 : 344-350, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0404.2001.103006344.x
  78. Hermann BP, Wyler AR, Bush AJ, Tabatabai FR : Differential effects of left and right anterior temporal lobectomy on verbal learning and memory performance. Epilepsia 33: 289-297, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02318.x
  79. Ho SS, Berkovic SF, Berlangieri SU, Newton MR, Egan GF, Tochon Danguy HJ, et al : Comparison of ictal SPECT and interictal PET in the presurgical evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 37: 738-745,1995 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370607
  80. Ho SS, Berkovic SF, McKay WJ, Kalnins RM, Bladin PF: Temporal lobe epilepsy subtypes : differential patterns of cerebral perfusion on ictal SPECT. Epilepsia 37 : 788-795, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00653.x
  81. Ho SS, Newton MR, McInrosh AM, Kalnins RM, Fabinyi GC, Brazenor GA, et al : Perfusion patterns during temporal lobe seizures: relationship to surgical outcome. Brain 120: 1921-1928, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/120.11.1921
  82. Holmes MD, Born DE, Kutsy RL, Wilensky AJ, Ojemann GA, Ojemann LM : Outcome after surgery in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy and normal MRI. Seizure 9 : 407-411, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1053/seiz.2000.0423
  83. Honnegger J, Zentner J, Spreer J, Carmona H, Schulze-Bonhage A: Cerebellar hemorrhage arising postoperatively as a complication of supratentorial surgery: a retrospective study. J Neurosurg 96 : 248-254,2002 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.96.2.0248
  84. Hufnagel A, Dumpelmann M, Zentner ], Schijns 0, Elger CE : Clinical relevance of quantified intracranial interictal spike activity in presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Epilepsia 41: 467-478,2000 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00191.x
  85. Iannelli A, Guzzetta F, Battaglia D, Iuvone L, Di Rocco C : Surgical treatment of temporal tumors associated with epilepsy in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 32: 248-254, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1159/000028946
  86. Ivnik RJ, Sharbrough FW, Laws ER: Effects of anterior temporal lobectomy on cognitive function. J Clin Psychol 43: 128-137, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198701)43:1<128::AID-JCLP2270430121>3.0.CO;2-Q
  87. Jack CR Jr, Sharbrough FW, Twomey CK, Cascino GD, Hirschorn KA, Marsh WR, et al : Temporallobe seizures : lateralization with MR volume measurements of the hippocampal formation. Radiology 175: 423-429, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.175.2.2183282
  88. Janszky J, Jokeir H, Kontopoulou K, Mertens M, Ebner A, Pohlmann-Eden B, et al : Functional MRI predicts memory performance after right mesiotemporal epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 46 : 244-250, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.10804.x
  89. Janszky J, Ollech I, Jokeit H, Kontopoulou K, Mertens M, Pohlmann-Eden B, et al : Epileptic activity influences the lateralization of mesiotemporal fMRI activity. Neurology 63 : 1813-1817,2004 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000145563.53196.01
  90. Jasper HH : Electrencephalography, in Penfield W, Erickson T (eds) : Epilepsy and cerebral localization. Springfield, Ill. : Charles C. Thomas, 1941, pp380-454
  91. Jeong SW, Lee SK, Kim KK, Kim H, Kim]Y, Chung CK : Prognostic factors in anterior temporal lobe resections for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: multivariate analysis. Epilepsia 40: 1735-1739, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb01591.x
  92. Jokeir H, Okujava M, Woermann FG: Memory fMRI lateralizes temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 57: 1786-1793,2001 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.57.10.1786
  93. Jones-Gotman M, Harnadek MC, Kubu CS : Neuropsychological assessment for temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Can J Neurol Sci 27 Suppl 1 : 39-43, 2000
  94. Kaiboriboon K, Lowe VJ, Chantarujikapong SI, Hogan RE : The Surgery for TLE : H Clusmann, et al. usefulness of subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered to MRI in single and dual-headed SPECT cameras in partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 43 : 408-414, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.21201.x
  95. Kalfas IH, Little JR : Postoperative hemorrhage: a survey of 4992 intracranial procedures. Neurosurgery 23 : 343-347, 1988 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198809000-00010
  96. Kanner AM, Kaydanova Y, de Toledo-Morrell L, Morrell F, Smith MC, Bergen D, et al : Tailored anterior temporal lobectomy. Relation between extent of resection of mesial structures and postsurgical seizure outcome. Arch Neurol 52: 173-178, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1995.00540260079020
  97. KatzA, Awad IA, KongAK, Chelune GJ, Naugle RI, Wyllie E, et al: Extent of resection in temporal lobectomy for epilepsy. II. Memory changes and neurologic complications. Epilepsia 30: 763-771,1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05336.x
  98. Killgore WD, Glosser G, Casasanto DJ, French JA, Alsop DC, Detre JA : Functional MRI and the Wada test provide complementary information for predicting post-operative seizure control. Seizure 8 : 450-455, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1053/seiz.1999.0339
  99. Kim H, Yi S, Son EI, Kim J : Lateralization of epileptic foci by neuropsychological testing in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropsychology 18: 141-151, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.18.1.141
  100. Knowlton RC : Magnetoencephalography : clinical application in epilepsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 3 : 341-348, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-003-0012-2
  101. Knowlton RC, Laxer KD, Ende G, Hawkins RA, Wong ST, Matson GB, et al : Presurgical multimodality neuroimaging in electroence-phalographic lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 42 : 829-837, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410420603
  102. Krakow K, Lemieux L, Messina D, Scott CA, Symms MR, Duncan JS, et al : Spatio-temporal imaging of focal interictal epileptiform activity using EEG-triggered functional MRI. Epileptic Disord 3 : 67-74, 2001
  103. Kral T, Clusmann H, Blumcke I, Fimmers R, Ostertun B, Kurthen M, et al : Outcome of epilepsy surgery in focal cortical dysplasia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74 : 183-188, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.74.2.183
  104. Kral T, Clusmann H, Urbach H, Schramm J, Elger CE, Kurthen M, et al : Preoperative Evaluation for Epilepsy Surgery (Bonn Algorithm). Zentralbl Neurochir 63 : 106-110, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-35826
  105. Kurthen M, Linke DB, Elger CE, Schramm J : Linguistic perseveration in dominant-side intracarotid amobarbital tests. Cortex 28: 209-219, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(13)80049-4
  106. Lamberti G, Weidlich S : DCS-A visual learning and memory test for neuropsychological assessment. Seattle, Toronto, Bern, Gottingen : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, 1999
  107. Lamusuo S, Jutila L, YlinenA, Kalviainen R, Mervaala E, Haaparanta M, et al : [18F]FDG-PET reveals temporal hypometabolism in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy even when quantitative MRI and histopathological analysis show only mild hippocampal damage. Arch Neurol 58: 933-939,2001 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.58.6.933
  108. Lee SK, Lee SH, Kim SK, Lee DS, Kim H : The clinical usefulness of ictal SPECT in temporal lobe epilepsy: the lateralization of seizure focus and correlation with EEG. Epilepsia 41 : 955-962, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00278.x
  109. Lee WS, Lee JK, Lee SA, Kang JK, Ko TS : Complications and results of subdural grid electrode implantation in epilepsy surgery. Surg Neurol 54 : 346-351, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-3019(00)00324-4
  110. Lemieux L : Electroencephalography-correlated functional MR imaging studies of epileptic activity. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 14 : 487-506, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2004.04.009
  111. Lemieux L, Salek-Haddadi A, Josephs O, Allen P, Toms N, Scott C, et al : Event-related fMRI with simultaneous and continuous EEG : description of the method and initial case report. Neuroimage 14 : 780-787, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2001.0853
  112. Liston AD, Salek-Haddadi A, Kiebel SJ, Hamandi K, Turner R, Lemieux L : The MR detection of neuronal depolarization during 3Hz spike-and-wave complexes in generalized epilepsy. Magn Reson Imaging 22 : 1441-1444, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2004.10.017
  113. Litt B, Lehncrtz K : Seizure prediction and the preseizure period. Curr Opin Neurol 15 : 173-177, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200204000-00008
  114. Loring DW, Meador KJ, Lee GP : Determinants of quality of life in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 5 : 976-980, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.08.019
  115. Luders H, Awad I, Burgess R, Wyllie E, Van Ness P : Subdural electrodes in the presurgical evaluation for surgery of epilepsy. Epilepsy Res Suppl 5 : 147-156, 1992
  116. Lutz MT, Clusmann H, Elger CE, Schramm J, Helmstaedter C : Neuropsychological outcome after selective amygdalohippocampec- tomy with transsylvian versus transcortical approach: a randomized prospective clinical trial of surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 45: 809-816, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.54003.x
  117. Luyken C, Blumcke I, Fimmers R, Urbach H, Elger CE, Wiestler OD, et al : The spectrum of long-term epilepsy-associated tumors : long-term seizure and tumor outcome and neurosurgical aspects. Epilepsia 44 : 822-830, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.56102.x
  118. Luyken C, Blurncke I, Fimmers R, Urbach H, Wiestler OD, Schramm J : Supratentorial gangliogliomas: histopathologic grading and tumor recurrence in 184patients with a median follow-up of 8years. Cancer 101: 146-155,2004 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20332
  119. Mace CJ, Trimble MR: Psychosis following temporal lobe surgery: a report of six cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54 : 639-644, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.54.7.639
  120. Macewen W : Intra-cranial lesions-illustrating some points in connexion with the localization of cerebral affection and the advantages of antiseptiv trephining. Lancet 2: 581, 1881
  121. Manno EM, Sperling MR, Ding X, Jaggi J, AlaviA, O'Connor MJ, et al : Predictors of outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy: positron emission tomography. Neurology 44 : 2331-2336,1994
  122. Mathern GW, Babb TL, Leite JP, Pretorius K, Yeoman KM, Kuhlman PA : The pathogenic and progressive features of chronic human hippocampal epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 26: 151-161, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-1211(96)00052-6
  123. McDonald CR, Norman MA, Tecoma E, Alksne J, Iragui V : Neuropsychological change following gamma knife surgery in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy : a review of three cases. Epilepsy Behav 5 : 949-957,2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.08.014
  124. McKhann GM, Schoenfeld-McNeill J, Born DE, Haglund MM, Ojemann GA : Intraoperative hippocampal electrocorticography to predict the extent of hippocampal resection in temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. J Neurosurg 93 : 44-52, 2000 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.1.0044
  125. Mohamed A, Wyllie E, Ruggieri P, Kotagal P, Babb T, Hilbig A, et al : Temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis in pediatric candidates for epilepsy surgery. Neurology 56: 1643-1649,2001 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.56.12.1643
  126. Morris HH, Matkovic Z, Estes ML, Prayson RA, Comair YG, Turnbull J, et al : Ganglioglioma and intractable epilepsy : clinical and neurophysiologic features and predictors of outcome after surgery. Epilepsia 39: 307-313, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01378.x
  127. Nayel MH, Awad IA, Luders H : Extent of mesiobasal resection determines outcome after temporal lobectomy for intractable complex partial seizures. Neurosurgery 29: 55-60, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199107000-00009
  128. Niemeyer P : The transventricular amygdala-hippocampectomy in temporal lobe epilepsy, in Baldwin M, Bailey P (eds) : Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1958, pp461-482
  129. O'Brien TJ, O'Connor MK, Mullan BP, Brinkmann BH, Hanson D, Jack CR, et al : Subtraction ictal SPET co-registered to MRI in partial epilepsy : description and technical validation of the method with phantom and patient studies. Nucl Med Commun 19: 31-45, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199801000-00006
  130. O'Brien TJ, So EL, Mullan BP, Hauser MF, Brinkmann BH, Bohnen NI, et al : Subtraction ictal SPECT co-registered to MRI improves clinical usefulness of SPECT in localizing the surgical seizure focus. Neurology 50: 445-454, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.50.2.445
  131. Olivier A: Relevance of removal of limbic structures in surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy. Can J Neurol Sci 18; 628-635,1991 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0317167100032844
  132. Ozkara C, Ozyurt E, Hanoglu L, Eskazan E, Dervent A, Kocer N, et al : Surgical outcome of epilepsy patients evaluated with a noninvasive protocol. Epilepsia 41 Suppl 4 : 41-44, 2000
  133. Palmer JD, Sparrow OC, Iannotti F : Postoperative hematoma; a 5year survey and identification of avoidable risk factors. Neurosurgery 35: 1061-1064, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199412000-00007
  134. Pilcher W, Roberts D, Flanigin HF, Crandal PH, Wieser HG, Ojemann GA, et al ; Complications of epilepsy surgery, in Engel J (ed) : Surgical treatment of the epilepsies. New York: Raven Press, 1993, Vol ed.2, pp565-581
  135. Polkey C ; Complications of epilepsy surgery, in Shorvon SO, Dreifuss F, Fish D, Thomas D (eds) : The treatment of epilepsy. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd., 1996, pp780-793
  136. Polkey CE ; Clinical outcome of epilepsy surgery. Curr Opin Neurol 17: 173-178,2004 https://doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200404000-00015
  137. Radhakrishnan K, So EL, Silbert PL, Jack CR Jr, Cascino GO, Sharbrough FW, et al : Predictors of outcome of anterior temporal lobectomy for intractable epilepsy: a multivariate study. Neurology 51 : 465-471, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.51.2.465
  138. Radtke RA, Hanson MW, Hoffman JM, Crain BJ, Walczak TS, Lewis DV, et al: Temporal lobe hypometabolism on PET: predictor of seizure control after temporal lobectomy. Neurology 43 : 1088-1092, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.43.6.1088
  139. Rasmussen T, Jasper HH : Temporal Lobe Epilepsy; Indications for Operation and Surgical Technique, in Baldwin M, Bailey P (eds) : Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Springfield, IL : Charles C Thomas, 1958, pp440-460
  140. Raymond AA, Fish DR, Sisodiya SM, Alsanjari N, Stevens JM, Shorvon SD : Abnormalities of gyration, heterotopias, tuberous sclerosis, focal cortical dysplasia, microdysgenesis, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour and dysgenesis of the archicortex in epilepsy. Clinical, EEG and neuroimaging features in 100 adult patients. Brain 118 : 629-660, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/118.3.629
  141. Raymond AA, Fish DR, Stevens JM, Cook MJ, Sisodiya SM, Shorvon SD : Association of hippocampal sclerosis with cortical dysgenesis in patients with epilepsy. Neurology 44 : 1841-1845, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.44.10.1841
  142. Raymond AA, Halpin SF, Alsanjari N, Cook MJ, Kitchen ND, Fish DR, et al : Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor. Features in 16patients. Brain 117: 461-475,1994 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/117.3.461
  143. Regis J, Bartolomei F, Rey M, Genton P, Dravet C, Semah F, et al : Gamma knife surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 40 : 1551-1556,1999 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02039.x
  144. Regis J, Rey M, Bartolomei F, Vladyka V, Liscak R, Schrottner O, et al : Gamma knife surgery in mesial tempotal lobe epilepsy : a prospective multicenter study. Epilepsia 45: 504-515, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.07903.x
  145. Renowden SA, Matkovic Z, Adams CB, Carpenter K, Oxbury S, Molyneux AJ, et al : Selective amygdalohippocampectomy for hippocampal sclerosis : postoperative MR appearance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16: 1855-1861, 1995
  146. Reuber M, Andetsen B, Elger CE, Helmstaedrer C: Depression and anxiety before and after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Seizure 13 : 129-135,2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1059-1311(03)00073-6
  147. Reuber M, Kurthen M, Fernandez G, Schramm J, Elger CE: Epilepsy surgery in patients with additional psychogenic seizures. Arch Neurol 59 : 82-86, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.59.1.82
  148. Richardson MP, Strange BA, Thompson PJ, Baxendale SA, Duncan JS, Dolan RJ : Pre-operative verbal memory fMRI predicts postoperative memory decline after left temporal lobe resection. Brain 127: 2419-2426, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh293
  149. Salanova V, Markand O, Worth R: Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: outcome, complications, and late mortality rate in 215patients. Epilepsia 43: 170-174,2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.33800.x
  150. Salanova V, Markand O, Worth R, Garg B, Patel H, Asconape J, et al : Presurgical evaluation and surgical outcome of temporal lobe epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 20 : 179-184, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-8994(98)00128-3
  151. Scherrmann J, Hoppe C, Kral T, Schramm J, Elger CE : Vagus nerve stimulation: clinical experience in a large patient series. J Clin Neurophysiol 18 : 408-414, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-200109000-00004
  152. Schramm J, Aliashkevich AF, Grunwald T : Multiple subpial transections : outcome and complications in 20patients who did not undergo resection. J Neurosurg 97 : 39-47, 2002 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.1.0039
  153. Schramm J, Kral T, Grunwald T, Blurncke I: Surgical treatment for neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy: clinical and surgical aspects and seizure outcome. J Neurosurg 94: 33-42, 2001 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2001.94.1.0033
  154. Scott CA, Fish DR, Smith SJ, Free SL, Stevens JM, Thompson PJ, et al : Presurgical evaluation of patients with epilepsy and normal MRI : role of scalp video-EEG telemetry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66 : 69-71, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.66.1.69
  155. Seidenberg M, Hermann B, Wyler AR, Davies K, Dohan FC Jr, Leveroni C : Neuropsychological outcome following anterior temporal lobectomy in patients with and without the syndrome of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropsychology 12: 303-316, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.12.2.303
  156. Siegel AM, Jobst BC, Thadani VM, Rhodes CH, Lewis PJ, Roberts OW, et al : Medically intractable, localization-related epilepsy with normal MRI : presurgical evaluation and surgical outcome in 43patients. Epilepsia 42 ; 883-888, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.042007883.x
  157. Silbergeld DL : Extent of medial temporal resection on outcome from anterior temporal lobectomy : a randomized prospective study [letter; comment]. Neurosurgery 41 : 327-328,1997 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199707000-00077
  158. Spencer SS : The relative contributions of MRI, SPECT, and PET imaging in epilepsy. Epilepsia 35 (Suppl 6) : S72-89 : S72-S89, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb05990.x
  159. Spencer SS, Berg AT, Vickrey BG, Sperling MR, Bazil CW, Shinnar S, et al : Initial ourcomes in the Multicenter Study of Epilepsy Surgery. Neurology 61 : 1680-1685,2003 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000098937.35486.A3
  160. Spencer SS, Spencer DD, Williamson PD, Mattson R : Combined depth and subdural electrode investigation in uncontrolled epilepsy. Neurology 40 : 74-79,1990 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.40.1.74
  161. Spencer SS, Spencer DD, Williamson PD, Mattson RH : The localizing value of depth electroencephalography in 32patients with refractory epilepsy. Ann Neurol 12 : 248-253, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410120306
  162. Spencer SS, Theodore WH, Berkovic SF : Clinical applications: MRI, SPECT, and PET. Magn Reson Imaging 13 : 1119-1124, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0730-725X(95)02021-K
  163. Sperling MR, Saykin AJ, Glosser G, Moran M, French JA, Brooks M, et al : Predictors of outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy : the intracarotid amobarbital test. Neurology 44 : 2325-2330, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.44.12.2325
  164. Srikijvilaikul T, Najm I, Foldvary-Schaefer N, Lineweaver T, Sub JH, Bingaman WE : Failure of gamma knife radiosurgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: report of five cases. Neurosurgery 54 : 1395-1402, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000124604.29767.EB
  165. Stefan H, Hummel C, Scheler G, Genow A, Druschky K, Tilz C, et al : Magnetic brain source imaging of focal epileptic activity: a synopsis of 455cases. Brain 126 : 2396-2405, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg239
  166. Stetan H, Pauli E, Eberhard F, Ugrinovich R, Buchfelder M : 'Tailoting' resections in drug refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Nervenarzt 67 : 306-310, 1996
  167. Sutherland GR, Kaibara T, Louw DF : Intraoperative MR at 1.5 Tesla--experience and future directions. Acta Neurochir Suppl 85 : 21-28, 2003
  168. Sylaja PN, Radhakrishnan K, Kesavadas C, Sarma PS : Seizure outcome afrer anterior temporal lobectomy and its predictors in patients with apparent temporal lobe epilepsy and normal MRI. Epilepsia 45 : 803-808,2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.48503.x
  169. Szaflarski JP, Holland SK, Schmithorst VJ, Dunn RS, Privitera MD : High-resolution functional MRI at 3T in healrhy and epilepsy subjects : hippocampal activation with picture encoding task. Epilepsy Behav 5 : 244-252, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.01.002
  170. Toczek MT, Morrell MJ, Silverberg GA, Lowe GM: Cerebellar hemorrhage complicating temporal lobectomy. Report of four cases. J Neurosurg 85: 718-722,1996 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.85.4.0718
  171. Tonini C, Beghi E, Berg AT, Bogliun G, Giordano L, Newton RW, et al : Predictors of epilepsy surgery outcome: a meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res 62 : 75-87, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2004.08.006
  172. Urbach H, Hattingen J, von Oertzen J, Luyken C, Clusmann H, Kral T, et al : MR imaging in the presurgical workup of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25 : 919-926, 2004
  173. Urbach H, Kurthen M, Klemm E, Grunwald T, Van Roost D, Linke DB, et al : Amobarbital effects on the posterior hippocampus during the intracarotid amobarbital test. Neurology 52 : 1596-1602, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.52.8.1596
  174. Urbach H, Von Oertzen J, Klemm E, Koenig R, Linke DB, Kurthen M, et al : Selective middle cerebral artery Wada tests as a part of presurgical evaluation in patients with drug-resistant epilepsies. 43: 1217-1223,2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.13302.x
  175. Van Roost D, Schaller C, Meyer B. Schramm J : Can neuronavigation contribute to standardization of selective amygdalohippocampectomy? Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 69: 239-242, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1159/000099881
  176. Van Roost D, Solymosi L, Schramm J, van Oosterwyck B, Elger CE : Depth electrode implantation in the length axis of the hippocampus for the presurgical evaluation of medial temporal lobe epilepsy: a computed tomography-based stereotactic insertion technique and its accuracy. Neurosurgery 43 : 819-826, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199810000-00058
  177. Vickrey BG, Hays RD, Engel J Jr, Spritzer K, Rogers WH, Rausch R, et al : Outcome assessment for epilepsy surgery : the impact of measuring health-related quality of life. Ann Neurol 37 : 158-166, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370205
  178. Von Oertzcn J, Urbach H, Blumcke I, Reuber M, Traber F, Peveling T, et al : Time-efficient T2 relaxometry of the entire hippocampus is feasible in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 58 : 257-264, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.58.2.257
  179. Von Oertzen J, Urbach H, Jungbluth S, Kurthen M, Reuber M, Fernandez G, et al : Standard magnetic resonance imaging is inadequate for patients with refractory focal epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73 : 643-647, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.73.6.643
  180. Vonck K, Boon P, Goossens L, Dedeurwaerdere S, Claeys P, Gossiaux F, et al : Neurostimulation for refractory epilepsy. Acta Neurol Belg 103: 213-217, 2003
  181. Wellmer J, von Oertzen J, Schaller C, Urbach H, Konig R, Widman G, et al : Digital photography and 3D MRI-based multimodal imaging for individualized planning of resective neocortical epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 43 : 1543-1550, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.30002.x
  182. Westerveld M, Sass KJ, Chelune GJ, Hermann BP, Barr WB, Loring DW, et al : Temporal lobectomy in children: cognitive outcome. J Neurosurg 92 : 24-30, 2000 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.92.1.0024
  183. Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M :A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 345 : 311-318,2001 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200108023450501
  184. Wieser HG : Future aspects of epilepsy research. Acta Neurochir Suppl 84 : 1-16, 2002
  185. Wieser HG, Blume WT, Fish D, Goldensohn E, Hufnagel A, King D, et al : ILAE Commission Report. Proposal for a new classification of outcome wirh respect to epileptic seizures following epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 42 : 282-286, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.35100.x
  186. Wieser HG, Ortega M, Friedman A, Yonekawa Y: Long-term seizure outcomes following amygdalohippocampectomy. J Neurosurg 98 : 751-763,2003 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.98.4.0751
  187. Wieser HG, Yasargil MG : Selective amygdalohippocampectomy as a surgical treatment of mesiobasal limbic epilepsy. Surg Neurol 17 : 445-457, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-3019(82)80016-5
  188. Woermann FG, Jokeir H, Luerding R, Freitag H, Schulz R, Guertler S, et al : Language lateralization by Wada test and fMRI in 100patients with epilepsy. Neurology 61: 699-701, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000078815.03224.57
  189. Wyler AR, Hermann BP, Richey ET: Results of reoperation for failed epilepsy surgery. J Neurosurg 71 : 815-819, 1989 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1989.71.6.0815
  190. Wyler AR, Hermann BP, Somes G : Extent of medial temporal resection on outcome from anterior temporal lobectomy : a randomized prospective study. Neurosurgery 37 : 982-990, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199511000-00019
  191. Yasargil MG : Inrracranial microsurgery. Clin Neurosurg 17 : 250-256, 1970 https://doi.org/10.1093/neurosurgery/17.CN_suppl_1.250
  192. Yasargil MG, Teddy PJ, Roth P: Selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy. Operative anatomy and surgical technique. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 12: 93-123,1985
  193. Yasargil MG, Vise WM, Bader DC: Technical adjuncts in neurosurgery. Surg Neurol 8 : 331-336, 1977
  194. Zabramski JM, Wascher TM, Spetzler RF, Johnson B, Golfinos J, Drayer BP, et al : The natural history of familial cavernous malformations : results of an ongoing study. J Neurosurg 80 : 422-432, 1994 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.80.3.0422
  195. Zentner J, Hufnagel A, Wolf HK, Osterrun B, Behrens E, Campos MG, et al : Surgical treatment of neoplasms associated with medically intractable epilepsy. Neurosurgery 41 : 378-386,1997 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199708000-00008