Journal of Nutrition and Health

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

Exposure Assessment of Vitamins and Minerals from Various Sources of Koreans

다양한 급원을 통한 우리나라 사람들의 비타민 및 무기질 노출량 평가

  • Kim, Sun-Hyo (Department of Foodservice Management and Nutrition, Kongju National University) ;
  • Lee, Seon-Huei (Health Promotion Center, Samsung Medical Center) ;
  • Hwang, Yu-Jin (Department of Food and Nutrition, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Kim, Wha-Young (Department of Food and Nutrition, Ewha Womans University)
  • 김선효 (공주대학교 외식상품학과) ;
  • 이선희 (삼성서울병원 건강검진센터) ;
  • 황유진 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 김화영 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Published : 2006.09.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In recent years a concern of excessive intakes of vitamins and minerals from various sources is increasing, since there has been a marked increase in production and consumption of vitamin and mineral supplements and fortified foods. The purpose of this study was to assess the maximum exposure of vitamins and minerals from various sources including diet, fortified foods, and health functional foods among Koreans. As a result, the highest exposure group of most vitamins and minerals from diet was adults (30 - 49 years of age) according to 2001 Korean National Nutrition and Health Survey Report. Maximum dietary intakes of vitamin A, $B_1,\;B_2$, C, nicotinamide, calcium, phosphorus and iron were 0.5 - 7 times of the RDA for Koreans, 7th ed. Maximum intakes of vitamins and minerals from fortified foods by adults (20 - 59 years of age) were 8 - 760% of the Korean RDA. In addition, maximum exposure of vitamins and minerals from vitamin mineral health functional foods by middle aged people was 35 - 140% of the upper limits (UL: DRI for Koreans). As a consequence, maximum combined intakes of vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C, calcium, iron and zinc from the above sources including diet, fortified foods and vitamin mineral health functional foods were greater than the UL. These results would be applied for determining the safe upper limits of vitamin and mineral of health functional foods.

Keywords

References

  1. Korean Society of Nutrition. Dietary Reference Intakes, Seoul, 2005
  2. Song HS, Oh SY. The experience and intention of health food use among middle-aged men in urban areas. Korean J Community Nutrition 5: 193-200, 2000
  3. Ervin RB, Wright JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J. Use of dietary supplements in the United States. Vital Health Stat 244: 1-14, 1999
  4. Schellhorn B, Doring A, Stieber J. Use of vitamins and minerals all food supplements from the MONICA cross-sectional study of 1994/95 from Augsburgs study region. Z Ernahrungswiss 37: 198-206, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003940050017
  5. Kim WY, Chang NS, Lee JY, et al. Report on Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals in functional foods for health (vitamins and minerals I), Funded by KFDA, No. 04052FUN124, 2004
  6. Kim SH, Han JH, Qin YZ, Keen CL. Use of vitamins, minerals, and other dietary supplements by 17- and 18-year-old students in Korea. J Med Food 6: 27-42, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1089/109662003765184723
  7. Korea Health Supplement Association. Dietary Health Supplement Act, Seoul, 2004
  8. Korea Food Industry Association. Code of Foods, Seoul, 2004
  9. Korea Health Supplement Association. Code of Dietary Health Supplements, Seoul, 2004
  10. Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals. Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Minerals, Food Standard Agency, UK, 2003
  11. Kim SH, Kim WY, Lee SE, Han JH. Use of functional foods for health by Korean: focused on vitamin and mineral intakes. Proceeding of Korean Society of Nutrition, 2005 November
  12. Hathcock JN. Identifying maximums for vitamins and minerals. Workshop at KFDA, 2004 September
  13. Lee HM. Evaluation of exposure and safety levels for vitamins. Proceeding of Korean Society of Nutrition, 2004 Spring
  14. Korean Ministry of Health & Welfare. Report on 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Seoul, 2002
  15. Moon SJ, Kim JH. The effects of vitamin D status on bone mineral density of Korean adults. Korean J Nutrition 31: 46-61, 1998
  16. Hyun WJ, Lee JW. Seasonal and regional variations in nutrient intakes of Korean adolescents as assessed as 3-day dietary records. Korean J Community Nutrition 6: 592-603, 2001
  17. Park SM, Yu JG, Lee JY. Analysis of factors to influence requirements of vitamin E and vitamin C in young and healthy men and women. Korean J Nutrition 31: 729-738, 1998
  18. Shim JE, Paik HY, Lee SY, Kim YO, Moon HK, Kwon HH, Kim JH. Assessment of vitamin A and E status in Korean rural adult population by dietary intake and serum levels. Korean J Nutrition 34: 213-221, 2001
  19. Kim YS, Kim KN, Chang NS. Dietary folate intake of Korean women of childbearing age. Korean J Nutrition 32: 585-591, 1999
  20. Jung KA, Kim SY, Choi YJ, Woo JI, Chang YK. The nutritional status of antioxidant vitamins in relation to serum MDA level in postmenopausal women. Korean J Nutrition 34: 330-337, 2001
  21. Cho YO, Kim BY. Evaluation of vitamin $B_{6}$ status and RDA in young Koreans. Ann Nutr Metab 48: 235-240, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1159/000080456
  22. Cho YO, Kim YN. Dietary intakes and major dietary sources of vitamin $B_{6}$ in Korean young women. Nutr Sci 4: 20-25, 2001
  23. Ahn HS, Jeong EY, Kim SY. Studies on plasma homocysteine concentration and nutritional status of vitamin $B_6$, $B_12$ and folate in college women. Korean J Nutrition 35: 37-44, 2002
  24. Ahn HS, Lee GJ, Chung HW. Maternal vitamin $B_6$ intake and vitamin $B_6$ level in maternal, umbilical cord plasma and placenta. Korean J Nutrition 35: 322-331, 2002
  25. Cho YO, Yun MK. Estimation of vitamin $B_{6}$ intake and major dietary sources of vitamin $B_6$ in elderly Koreans in the Seoul area. J Food Sci Nutr 9: 85-91, 2004 https://doi.org/10.3746/jfn.2004.9.1.085
  26. Hyun TS, Han YH. Comparison of folate intake and food sources in college students using the 6th vs. 7th nutrient database. Korean J Nutrition 34: 797-808, 2001
  27. Hyun TS, Han YH, Lim EY. Blood folate level determined by a microplate reader and folate intake measured by a weighted food record. Korean J Community Nutrition 4: 512-520, 1999
  28. Lim HS, Jin HO, Lee JA. Dietary intakes and status of folate in Korean women of child-bearing potential. Korean J Nutrition 33: 296-303, 2000
  29. Im MY, Nam YS, Kim SU, Jang NS. Vitamin B status and serum homocysteine levels in infertile women. Korean J Nutrition 37: 115-122, 2004
  30. Choe JS, Paik HY. Seasonal variation of nutritional intake and quality in adults in longevity areas. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 33: 668-678, 2004 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2004.33.4.668
  31. Seung JJ, No SL, Kim AJ, Choe MG, Lee JH. Relationship among dietary intakes, blood levels, and urinary excretions of Ca, P, Mg and serum lipid levels in Korean rural adult men and women. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 22: 709-715, 1993
  32. Lee SS, Oh SH. Intake/balance estimation of zinc in Korean high school girls. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 24: 542-549, 1995
  33. Kim CH, Paik HY, Joung HJ. Evaluation of zinc and copper status in Korean college women. Korean J Nutrition 32: 277-286, 1999
  34. Park JS, Chyun JH. Dietary zinc analysis and changes of zinc nutriture with zinc supplementation in Korean adults. Korean J Nutrition 26: 1110-1117, 1993
  35. Gwag EH, Lee SL, Yun JS, Lee HS, Kwon JS, Kwon IS. Macronutrient, mineral and vitamin intakes in elderly people in rural area of North Kyungpook province in South Korea. Korean J Nutrition 36: 1052-1060, 2003
  36. Kim MH, Sung CJ, Lee YS. The study on nutritional status of copper and zinc in Korean middle school female students according to body mass index. Korean Journal of Obesity 8: 130- 144, 1999
  37. Chyun JH, Choi YJ. Dietary copper intakes and effect of zinc supplementation on plasma copper level in Korean adults. Korean J Nutrition 29: 528-532, 1996
  38. Son SM, Sung SI. Zinc and copper intake with food analysis and levels of zinc and copper in serum, hair and urine of female college students. Korean J Nutrition 32: 705-712, 1999
  39. Lee JY, Choi MK, Sung CJ. The relationship between dietary intakes, serum levels, urinary excretions of Zn, Cu, Fe and serum lipids in Korean rural adults on self-selected diet. Korean J Nutrition 29: 1112-1120, 1996
  40. Joung HJ, Paik HY, Kim CH, Lee JY. Preparation of copper database of Korean foods and copper nutritional status of Korean adults living in rural area assessed by dietary intake and serum analysis. Korean J Nutrition 32: 296-306, 1999
  41. Kim JY, Moon SJ, Kim KR, Sohn CY, Oh JJ. Dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion in normal Korean adults. Yonsei Medical J 39: 355-362, 1998 https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.1998.39.4.355
  42. Yang HR. Study on the dietary selenium intake and selenium status of Korean woman: survey of four areas: Yeoju, Kangbok, Incheon and Yangyang. Ph.D. Dissertation, Dankook University, 2003
  43. Sung CJ, Yoon YH. The study of Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni contents of serum, hair, nail and urine for female college students. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutrition 29: 99-105, 2000
  44. Korean National Rural Living Science Institute. Food Composition Table, 6th ed., Seoul, 2001
  45. Korean Society of Nutrition. Recommend Dietary Allowances for Koreans, 7th ed., Seoul, 2000
  46. Hathcock JN. Vitamin and Mineral Safety, 2nd ed., Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington DC, 2004