Oral Cleft Risk Factors in Rural Area of Indonesia(Sintang)

인도네시아 농촌지역의 구순구개열 위험요인 사례조사

  • 박대진 (고신대학교 의과대학) ;
  • 임영수 (고신대학교 의과대학) ;
  • 오지영 (고신대학교 의과대학) ;
  • 고광욱 (고신대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실) ;
  • 송성은 (고신대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실) ;
  • 조은주 (고신대학교 의과대학)
  • Published : 2006.09.30

Abstract

Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the risk factors of Oral cleft and to inspect the living environments of the rural areas of Sintang, Indonesia Methods: During 3 to 9 August 2004, A questionnaire survey was done for the risk factors of oral cleft. Case group was composed of 11 oral cleft patients who admitted Missionary Hospital whose mother's bloods were analyzed for anemia and hyperlipidemia. Control group was composed of 56 reproductive rural women recruited from near rural villages. Also we surveyed 4 rural areas of Indonesia with simple water test kits. $x^2-test$ for significant difference was analysed. Results: Drinking water was statistically significant risk factor(p<0.05) of oral cleft. Other factors had no statistical significancy. The kind of drinking water was river-originated water. In rural villages, water sanitation state, even boiled water, was very poor. Although $NO_2-N$, $NO_3-N$ was negative, E. coli-form microorganisms were strongly positive in most samples. Total food intake amount was not enough, and vitamin supplements were also under the need. Conclusions: Drinking the contaminated river-water around pregnancy was supposed to be one of the risk factors of oral cleft in Indonesia. Further study is needed for nitrate and mercury.

본 연구는 인도네시아 농촌지역의 가임여성들을 상대로 구순구개열 발생에 영향을 미치는 환경요인들을 분석하고자 하였고 아울러 농촌 주민들의 수질환경, 영양상태에 관한 계략적인 지역조사를 함께 실시하였다. 환자군은 무료 구순구개열 수술을 받으러온 11명에 대해 부모를 상대로 혈액 검사와 함께 환경요인들을 조사하였고, 대조군은 농촌마을 2개 지역에서 환자군의 부모와 같은 연령대의 가임 여성 56명을 상대로 조사를 실시하였다. 아울러 농촌 마을 4개 지역 총 19가정을 방문하여 생활환경 관찰과 수질검사를 실시하였다. 환자군과 대조군의 비교에서 기존 논문들에 보고 된 항목들과는 달리 식수원의 차이가 유의성이 있었다. 즉 강물을 식수로 사용하는 사람들이 다른 종류의 식수를 사용하는 사람들과 비교해서 구순구개열의 odds ratio가 17.9(3.9-82.8, p=0.00)로 나타났다. 따라서 다음연구에서 잘 선정된 control을 통하여 한번 더 유의성을 확인해야 할 필요가 있지만 강물의 오염성분으로 강력 하게 추정되는 Nitrate-N과 Mercury에 대한 추가 연구가 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 대조군을 대상으로 한 조사와 해당 농촌지역의 가구들을 방문함으로서 인도네시아 농촌지역의 생활환경을 알 수 있었다. 식수원은 수무르와 지하수, 강물, 빗물 등이었고 84%가 웅덩이 형태의 수무르에서 식수를 채수하였는데, 수질검사결과 일반세균, 대장균군 세균의 오염이 매우 심각하였으나 아질산성질소, 질산성질소는 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 말라리아나 티푸스 같은 수질환경과 관련된 질병을 임신기간 중 경험한 응답자도 23%나 되었다. 특이한 점은 정부의 보건교육의 성과로 물은 항상 끊여 먹었는데 문제는 그 끊인 물도 세균 오염이 심각한 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이는 아직 수정되지 않은 그들의 용변습관으로 말미암아 언제나 오염되어 있는 손에 의한 주거환경오염 때문일 것으로 추정된다. 십여 미터의 깊이에 펌프를 이용하여 지하수를 채수하는 가정들의 경우는 세균오염이 관찰되지 않았으므로 농촌 지역에서 비교적 바람직한 식수원으로 여겨진다. 영양적 측면에서는 전체적으로 식사량이 작고 식단의 종류도 단순하며 채식위주의 식단이었으나 항상 팜유에 채소를 복아서 먹음으로써 전체적으로는 영양이 불충분한 것으로 생각된다. 평균키도 151.2cm(CI 95%, 150.0, 152.4)로서 한국여성에 비해 단신이었으나 BMI를 통해서 볼 때, 21.1( 95%CI = 20.2, 22.0)로서 정상체중 범위였다. 음주나 흡연은 회교전통에 따라 여성들의 경우 대부분 음주력, 흡연력이 없었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Murray JC. Gene/environment causes of cleft lip and/or palate. Clin Genet 2002:61:248-256 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.610402.x
  2. Marie M, Tolarova Jaroslav Cervenka. Classification and birth prevalence of orofacial clefts. Am J Med Genet 1998:75: 126-137 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980113)75:2<126::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-R
  3. World Health Organization. Global strategies to reduce the health -care burden of craniofacial anomalies, Report of WHO meetings on International Collaborative Research on Craniofacial Anomalies, Geneva, Switzerland, 5-8 Nov. 2000: Park City, Utah, USA, 2426 May 2001
  4. Richard A, Spritz MD. The genetics and epigenetics of orofacial clefts. Curr Opin Pediatr 2001; 13 :556-560 https://doi.org/10.1097/00008480-200112000-00011
  5. Jeffrey CM, Brian CS. Cleft palate : players, pathways, and pursuits. J Clin Invest 2004:113:1676-1678 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200422154
  6. Hana SL, Emmanuelle G, Jill MN, Myriam K. Does accounting for geneenvironment (G x E) interaction increase the power to detect the effect of a gene in a multifactorial disease? Genet Epidemiol 2003: 24 :200-207 https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.10221
  7. Joanna SZ, Terri HB. Is there a relationship between risk factors for oral clefts? Teratology 2002: 66: 205-208 https://doi.org/10.1002/tera.10104
  8. Paul AR, Andrew CL, Ronald GM, Sandra DH, Trudy LB, Jeffrey CM. Candidate genes for nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate and maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption : Evaluation of genotype-environment in teractions from a population - based case-control study of orofacial clefts. Teratology 1999; 59: 39-50 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199901)59:1<39::AID-TERA9>3.0.CO;2-7
  9. James LM. Folate and oral clefts: Where do we go from here? New directions in oral clefts research. Teratology 1999: 60: 251-252 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199911)60:5<251::AID-TERA3>3.0.CO;2-#
  10. Gary MS, Verne N, Suzan LC, Edward JL, Richard HF, Thomas HR. Maternal periconceptional vitamins : Interactions with selected factors and congenital anomalies- Epidemiology 2002: 13: 625629 https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200211000-00005
  11. Padrnaja RI, margaret LW, Joseph M, Cynthia AM, Yecai L. Maternal multivitamine use and orofacial clefts In offspring. Teratology 2001: 63 :79-86 https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9926(200102)63:2<79::AID-TERA1013>3.0.CO;2-3
  12. Waiyee W, Tom E, Anne-Marie KJ, Paul S, Eric S, Chris T, Ben H, Henk JB, Regine ST. Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts : Association with maternal hyperhomocysteinemia. Teratology 1999:60:253-257 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199911)60:5<253::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-V
  13. Eduardo EC, Jorge LC, Hebe C. Altitude as a risk factor for congenital anomalies. Am J Med Genet 1999:86: 9-14 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990903)86:1<9::AID-AJMG3>3.0.CO;2-X
  14. Azarbayjani F, Danielsson BR. Pharmacologically induced embryonic dysrhythmia and episodes of hypoxia followed by reoxygenation. A common teratogenic mechanism for antiepileptic drugs? Teratology 1998:57:117-126 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199803)57:3<117::AID-TERA1>3.0.CO;2-Y
  15. Pradat P, Robert-Gnansia E, Gian Luca DT, Aldo R, Alessandra Lisi, Mastroiacovo P, and all contributors to the MADRE database. First trimester exposure to corticosteroids and oral clefts. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003 Dec: 67(12) :968-970 https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.10134
  16. Mulder GB, Manley N, Grant J, Schmidt K, Zeng W, Eckhoff C, Maggio-Price L. Effects or excess vitamin A on development of cranial neural crest-derived structures : A neonatal and embryologic study. Teratology 2000: 62:214-226 https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9926(200010)62:4<214::AID-TERA7>3.0.CO;2-N
  17. Wyszynski DF, Beaty TH. Review of the role of potential teratogens in the origin of human nonsyndromic oral clefts. Teratology 1996:53:309-317 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199605)53:5<309::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-W
  18. Patricia L. Bender, RN, MSN. Genetics of cleft lip and palate. J Pediatr Nurs 2000:15:242-248 https://doi.org/10.1053/jpdn.2000.8148
  19. Rohrmann S, Klein G. Validation of a short questionnaire to qualitatively assess the intake of total fat, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol. J Hum Nutr Dietet 2003: 16: 111-117 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-277X.2003.00425.x
  20. World Health Organization. Country health profile Indonesia. Available from :URL: http://w3.whosea.org/cntryhealth /indonesia/index.htm
  21. World Health Organization. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Addendum : Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information, Geneva, 1998
  22. Chilvers C, Inskip H, Caygill C, Bartholomew B, Fraser P. Hill M. A survey of dietary nitrate in well-water users. Int J Epidemiol 1984: 13: 324-331 https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/13.3.324
  23. Craun GF, Greathouse DG, Gunderson DH, Methaemoglobin levels in young children consuming high nitrate well water in the United States. Int J Epidemiol 1981: 10: 309-317 https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/10.4.309
  24. Tabacova S. Balabaeva L. Little R. Maternal exposure to exogenous nitrogen compounds and complications of pregnancy. Arch Environ Health. 1997 Sep-Oct:52(5) :341-347 https://doi.org/10.1080/00039899709602209
  25. Tabacova S, Baird DD, Balabaeva L. Exposure to Oxidized Nitrogen : Lipid peroxidation and neonatal health risk. Arch Environ Health. 1998 MayJun: 53(3):214-221 https://doi.org/10.1080/00039899809605698
  26. Helena do Amaral Kehrig, Olaf Maim. Methylmercury in Fish as a Tool for Understanding the Amazon Mercury Contamination. Appl. Organometal. Chem 1999: 13: 689-696 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0739(199910)13:10<689::AID-AOC912>3.0.CO;2-6
  27. Bidone ED, Castilhos ZC. Santos TJS, Souza TMC, Lacerda. Fish contamination and human exposure to mercury in tartarugalzinho river, Amapa state, Northern Amazon, Brazil. A screening approach. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1997 Aug:59(2): 194-201 https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900464
  28. Passos CJ, Mergler D, Gaspar E, Morais S, Lucotte M, Larribe F, Davidson R, Sylvie de Grosbois. Eating tropical fruit reduces mercury exposure from fish comsumption in the Brazilian Amazone. Environmental Research Environ Res. 2003 Oct:93(2) :123-130
  29. Lacerda LD. Global Mercury Emissions from Gold and Silver Mining. Water Air Soil Pollut 1997:97:209-221
  30. Porcella DB, Ramel C, Jernelov A. Global Mercury Pollution and the Role of Gold Mining: An Overview. Water Air Soil Pollut, 1997:97:205-207
  31. BBC news, Gold rush poisons environment, Asia-pacific, Mon. 31 Jul. 2000 URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ world/asia-pacific/859780.
  32. 나카시니 쥰코. 아마존강의 수은오염과 환경과학의 책임. 제 32회 공해분쟁처리연락협의회소식지 소식지 제 30호(2002. 9)
  33. Harper K, Burns R, Erickson RP. Genetic aspects of the Effects of methylmercury in mice : The incidence of cleft palate and concentrations of adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate in tongue and palatal shelf. Teratology 1981:23:397-401 https://doi.org/10.1002/tera.1420230315
  34. Gale TF, Ferm VH. Embryopathic effects of mercuric salts. Life sciences part 2- Biochemistry, Genet. Mol. Biol. 1971:10:1341-1347
  35. Kim A, Kim SR, Yang SH, Han JY, Kim MY, Yang JH, Cho YK, Kim SS, Yoon BH, Koh S. Multi-center Study for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems in Korea. Korean J Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002 :45: 1924-1931 (Korean)
  36. World Health Organization. Nutrition Profile of the WHO South-East Asia Region: Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, 2000
  37. Korean Nutrition Society. Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans, 7th Revision. Seoul, Korea: Jung-Ang Publishing: 2000. 4, 7th: p129, p150, p319, p323, p325