Journal of Nutrition and Health

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

Evaluation of Diet Quality according to Nutrient Intake between Highly Educated, Married, Unemployed and Employed Women

고학력 기혼여성의 취업여부별 영양소 섭취로 본 식사의 질 평가

  • Choi Ji-Hyun (Department of Food & Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Chung Young-Jin (Department of Food & Nutrition, Chungnam National University)
  • 최지현 (충남대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 정영진 (충남대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Published : 2006.03.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was conducted to provide foundation data for making health care policy for married women by assessing the dietary intake between highly educated married, employed and unemployed women. It is a direct interview, cross-sectional study with 24-hour recall method for one day. In selecting the subjects for this study, married, unemployed women were selected from a certain area (Daedeok Science Town) in Daejeon where there are high rates of highly educated women, and the married, employed women were selected from the teaching profession in order to avoid confounding due to including a variety of jobs. According to the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations, teaching is the representational occupation of highly educated, married women. Then, to prevent confounding due to age, we selected the subjects out of each age group at the same rate through random sampling. Women who had not graduated college, worked only part-time, or had no current spouse were excluded. As a result, 486 highly-educated, married, unemployed (250) and employed (236) women were used for analyzing data. The unemployed women consumed a higher amount of fat, cholesterol, sodium, vitamin C and folic acid while the employed women consumed a higher amount of iron, vitamin $B_l$ and vitamin $B_2$. P/M/S ratio being 1/1.18/1.05 and 1/1.05/0.87, for the unemployed women and the employed women, respectively, unemployed respondents had a higher saturated fat intake than those of employed. It is in excess of the standard ratio (1/1/1) of the Korean RDA. At the same time, in unemployed respondents the percent of energy intake from fat (24.8%, 23.2%) and animal fat (12.4%, 11.4%) were higher than those of employed respondents. The mean daily nutrient intake of calcium, zinc, and iron for both groups of respondents were lower than the Korean RDA. Both groups had phosphorus as the highest nutrient and calcium as the lowest nutrient of INQ (Index of Nutritional Quality) while nutrients with the INQ being less than 1 were calcium and iron. To sum up, the following conclusions can be made: Nutrition education and guidance for reduction of the intake of fat, especially animal fat, are necessary for unemployed women. In addition, highly educated, married, unemployed and employed women should increase the consumption of foods rich in iron and calcium to prevent anemia and osteoporosis, while decreasing the intake of phosphorus to balance proportions of calcium and phosphorus.

Keywords

References

  1. Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. Report on 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey-Health Survey-. Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2002
  2. Kretchmer N, Zimmermann M. Developmental nutrition. Allyn & Bacon, 1997
  3. Korea National Statistical Office. Annual Report on the Economically Active Population Survey, 1963-2004
  4. Lee WD, Kim H, Bang HN, Lee BH, Jang JY, Jeon BY. 21th century labor policy, Korea Labor Institute, Seoul, 2000
  5. Noh SH. Research on the actual condition of woman's employment - married women, Korean Women's Development Institute, Seoul, 1986
  6. Worsley A. Mothers, work and food consumption: going out to work changes mothers' diets? Ecol Food Nutr 25: 59-69, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1991.9991154
  7. Devine CM, Olson CM. Women's perceptions about the way social roles promote or constrain personal nutrition care. Women Health 18: 79-95, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v18n03_06
  8. Roos E, Lahelma E, Virtanen M, Prattala R, Pietinen P. Gender, socioeconomic status and family status as determinants of food behaviour. Soc Sci Med 46(12): 1519-1529, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00032-X
  9. Roos E, Lahteenkorva SS, Lallukka T. Having lunch at a staff canteen is associated with recommended food habits. Public Health Nutrition 7(1): 53-61, 2004
  10. Kim MR. Study on the status of the employed and housewives' meal management in Daejeon city. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 13(1): 107-116, 1984
  11. Kim YJ. A study on the perception of nutrition knowledge and the food habits of the businessmen in Sungnam city. Graduate school of Industry and Information science, Kyunghee University. Thesis, 1997
  12. Korea National Statistical Office. The 5th Korean Standard Classification of Occupations, 2000
  13. Central Employment Information Office. Report on the 5th Korean Standard Classification of Occupations-unit groups. Human Resources Development Service of Korea, 2002
  14. Central Employment Information Office. Report on 2004 Occupational Employment Statistics Survey. Human Resources Development Service of Korea, 2005
  15. Beaglehole B, Bonita R, Kjellstrom T. Basic Epidemiology. WHO, Geneva, 1993
  16. Korean Dietetic Association, Samsung Seoul Hospital. Food estimation with photograph, 1999
  17. Korea Health Industry Development Institute. Development of Food and Nutrient Database Report (Supplement), 2000
  18. The Korean Nutrition Society. Computer Aided Nutrition Analysis Program[CAN, professional 2.0], 2002
  19. The Korean Nutrition Society. The 7th Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans, 2000
  20. Korea Health Industry Development Institute. Report on 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey-Nutrition Survey-. Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2002
  21. Lee KS, Kim JM. Comparison of nutrients intake, bone density, total cholesterol and blood glucose in women living in Taegu City. J of KDA 9(1): 81-93, 2003
  22. Yoon JS, Yu KH, Ryu HK. Assessment of nutrients intake and evaluation of nutritional adequacy of adults living in Kyungpook area. J of KFN 29(4): 701-711, 2000
  23. Choi JH. Assessment of dietary intake and physical activity, and development of health-promoting lifestyle model for highly educated married, employed and unemployed women. Chungnam National University. Dissertation, 2004
  24. Grotkowski ML, Sims LS. Nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and dietary practices of the elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 72: 499-506, 1978
  25. Avioli LV. Calcium and phosphorus. In Goodhart RS, ME, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease 7th ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988
  26. Jeong HK, Kim JY, Lee HS, Kim JY. The effect of dietary calcium and phosphate levels on calcium and bone metabolism in rats. Korean J Nutr 30: 813-824, 1997
  27. Bell RR, Draper HH, Trzeng DYM, Shin HK. Physiological responses of human adults to foods containing phosphate additives. J Nutr 107: 42-50, 1977 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/107.1.42
  28. Yu KH, Kong YA, Yoon JS. A study on dietary factors, urinary levels of Ca, Na, and the bone status of women in urban and rural areas. Korean J Community Nutrition 9(1): 71-78, 1996
  29. Kim JM. An analysis of related factors and nutrients intake affecting bone mineral density of college women in Daegu area. J of KDA 11(1): 86-94, 2005
  30. Lee SY. Assessment of dietary intake and diet quality obtained by 24-hour recall method in Korean adults living in rural area. Seoul National University. Dissertation, 1997
  31. Shim JE. Analysis of dietary intake and development of balanced diet index among different age groups in Korea. Seoul National University. Dissertation, 2000
  32. Han JI. Seasonal food and nutrient intakes and risk assessment of residual pesticides by food intake in Taejon. Chungnam National University. Dissertation, 1999
  33. Cho YB, Kwag SH. High-educated women resources and womenowned venture business in Korea. Women's Studies 10(1): 71-100, 2000