Assessment of DNA Damage using an Alkaline Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) Comet Assay and Toxic Effects in Chickens by T-2 Toxin Treatment

T-2 toxin을 투여한 닭에서 Comet assay 방법을 이용한 DNA 손상 평가와 독성

  • Hah Dae-Sik (Gyeongnam provincial Government Institute of Health Environment) ;
  • Heo Jung-Ho (Gyeongnam Livestock Promotion Institute South-branch) ;
  • Lee Kuk-Cheon (Gyeongnam Livestock Promotion Institute South-branch) ;
  • Cho Myung-Heui (Gyeongnam Livestock Promotion Institute South-branch) ;
  • Kim Kuk-Hun (Gyeongnam Livestock Promotion Institute South-branch) ;
  • Kim Chung-Hui (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Jinju National University) ;
  • Lue Jae-Du (National Veterinary Research and Quarantine service Busan Regional Office) ;
  • Lee Seung-Hwan (College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kim Gon-Sup (College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kim Eui-Gyung (College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kim Jong-Shu (College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University)
  • 하대식 (경남보건 환경연구원) ;
  • 허정호 (경남 축산 진흥연구소 남부지소) ;
  • 이국천 (경남 축산 진흥연구소 남부지소) ;
  • 조명희 (경남 축산 진흥연구소 남부지소) ;
  • 김국헌 (경남 축산 진흥연구소 남부지소) ;
  • 김충희 (진주산업대학교 동물생명과학과) ;
  • 류재두 (국립동물 검역원 부산지원) ;
  • 이승환 (경상대학교 수의과 대학 (동물의학 연구소)) ;
  • 김곤섭 (경상대학교 수의과 대학 (동물의학 연구소)) ;
  • 김의경 (경상대학교 수의과 대학 (동물의학 연구소)) ;
  • 김종수 (경상대학교 수의과 대학 (동물의학 연구소))
  • Published : 2006.06.01

Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate the possible DNA damaging effects of T-2 toxin using an alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) comet assay and also to investigate toxic effects in chickens. A total of 20 chickens were used in these experiments. Graded concentrations of dietary T-2 toxin (0, 4, 8, and $16{\mu}g/g$ of diet) were given to groups of 5 broiler chickens. In comet assay, The DNA damage was analysed by the tail extent moment (TEM) and tail length (TL), which were used as markers of DNA strand breaks in SCGE. A significant dose-dependent increase in the extent of DNA migration as well as in the percentage of cells with tails was observed after treatment with T-2 toxin (P<0.05). Treatment with the low T-2 toxin ($4{\mu}/g$ of diet) induced a relatively low level of DNA damage in comparison with the high T-2 toxin ($16{\mu}/g$ of diet) group. The growth rate was significantly reduced by concentrations of 8, and $16{\mu}/g$ of diet (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio were significantly affected by any concentrations (P < 0.05). The relative weight of the spleen, and lung was decreased by the growth inhibitory concentrations. The bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and kid- ney were decreased in relative weight by concentrations of $16{\mu}/g$ of diet. The relative weight of the liver and heart were unaffected. The hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were decreased at concentration of $16{\mu}/g$ of diet. As compared with control chickens, there was no marked change in serum components except uric acid in T-2 treated chickens. All lymphoid tissues retained atrophic and lymphoid cell depletion throughout the three weeks trial.

Keywords

References

  1. 김종수 (1985): 기니피그에서 실험적 trichothecene (T-2) 독소중 독증. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위 논문
  2. Atroshi, F., Rizzzo, A., Biese. I., Veijalaninen, P., Antila, E. and Westermarck, T. (1997): T-2 toxin-induced DNA damage in mouse liver: the effect of pretretment with coenzyme Q10 and $\alpha$-tocopherol. Molec. Aspects Med., 18, 255-258 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-2997(97)00032-0
  3. Boonchuvit, B., Hamilton, P.B. and Burmeister, H.R. (1975): Interaction of T-2 toxin with salmonella infections of chickens. Poul. Sci., 54, 1693-1975 https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0541693
  4. Chi, M.S., Mirocha, C.J., Kurtz, H.J., Weaver, G., Bates, F. and Shimoda, W. (1977): Subacute toxicity of T-2 toxin in broiler chicks. Poul. Sci., 56, 306-313 https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0560306
  5. Chowdhury, S.R. and Smith, T.K. (2004): Effects of feeding blends of grain naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins on performance and metabolism of laying hens. Poul. Sci., 83, 1849-1857 https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.11.1849
  6. Chowdhury, S.R., Smith, T.K., Oremans, H.J. and Woodward, B. (2005): Effects of feed-borne fusarium mycotoxins on hematology and immunology of laying hens. Poul. Sci., 84, 1841-1850 https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.12.1841
  7. Daniel, G., Isabella, D.D., Roberto, C., Aldo, M. and Raniel, R. (2003): An improved HPLC measurement for GSH and GSSG in human blood. Free Rad. Biol. & Med., 35, 1365- 1372 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.08.013
  8. Djelic, N. and Anderson, D. (2003): The effect of antioxidant catalase on oestrogens, triiodothyronine, and noradrenaline in the Comet assay. Terato Carcino Mutagen Supple, 2, 69-81
  9. Doerr, J.A., Hamilton, P.B. and Burmeister, H.R. (1981): T-2 toxicosis and blood coagulation in young chickens. Toxico. Appl. Pharm., 60, 157-162 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(91)90219-5
  10. Freidovich, I. (1999): Fundamental aspects of reactive oxygen species, or what's the matter with oxygen? Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 893, 13-15 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07814.x
  11. Gedik, C.M., Ewen, S.W.B. and Collins, A.R. (1992) : Singlecell gel electrophore applied to the analysis of UV-C damage and its repair in human cells. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 62, 313-320 https://doi.org/10.1080/09553009214552161
  12. Glass, G.A. and Stark, A.A. (1997): Promotion of glutathion-rgluatmyl transpeptidase - dependent lipid peroxidation by copper and ceruloplasmin : The requirement for iron and the effects of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes. Envir. & Mole. Mut., 29, 73-80 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)29:1<73::AID-EM10>3.0.CO;2-E
  13. Grizzle, J.M., Kersten, D.B., McCracken, M.D., Houston, A.E. and Saxton, A.M. (2004): Determination of the acute 50% lethal dose T-2 toxin in adult bobwhite quail : Additional studies on the effect of T-2 toxin mycotoxin on blood chemistry and the morphology of internal organs. Avian. Disease., 48, 392-399 https://doi.org/10.1637/7100
  14. Gyongyossy, I.C. and Khachatourians, G.G. (1985): Interaction of T-2 toxin and murine lymphocytes and the demoatration of a threshold effect on macromolecular synthesis. Biochemica Biophysica Acta, 844, 167-173 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4889(85)90087-4
  15. Haillwell, B. (1992): Oxygen radicals as key mediators in neurogical disease : fact or fiction?. Annals Neurology, 32, 10-15 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410320704
  16. Hayes, M.A., Bellamy, J.E.C. and Schiefer, H.B. (1980): Subacute toxicity of dietary T-2 toxin in mice : Mophological and hematological effects. Can. J. Copm. Med., 44, 203- 218
  17. Ignarro, L.J., Cirino, G. and Casini, A. (1999): Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the vascular system. J. Cardio. Pharm., 34, 879-889 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199912000-00016
  18. Inatani, R., Nakatani, N. and Fuwa, H. (1996): Antioxidative effect the constituent of rosemary and their derivatives. Agric. Biol. Chem., 47, 520 -528
  19. Kamp, H.G., Eisenbrand, G., Janzowaski, C., Kiossev J., Latendresse, J.R., Schlatter, J. and Turesky, R.J. (2005): Ochratoxin A induce oxidative DNA damage in liver and kidney after oral dosing to rat. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 49, 1160-1167 https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200500124
  20. Kumpawat, K., Deb, S., Ray, S. and Chatterjee, A. (2003): Genotoxic effect of raw betel-nut extract in relation to endogenous glutathione levels and its mechanism of action in mammalian cells. Mut. Res., 538, 1-12 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(03)00048-2
  21. Koppen, G. and Angelis, K.J. (1998): Repair of X-ray induced DNA damage measured by the comet assay in roots of Vicia Faba. Environ. Molecular Mutat., 32, 281-285 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1998)32:3<281::AID-EM11>3.0.CO;2-R
  22. Lesson, S., Diaz, G. and Summers, J.D. (1995): Trichochecene. In Polutry metabolic disorders and mycotoxins. University Book, Guelph, Ontario. Canada. pp. 190-226
  23. Mann, D.D., Buening, G.M., Hook, B.S. and Osweiler, G.D. (1982): Effect of T-2 toxin on the bovine immune system : Humoral factors. Infec. Immun., 36, 1249-1252
  24. McKelvey-Martin, V.J., Green, M.H.L., Schmezer, P., Pool- Zobel, B.L., De Meo, M.P. and Collins, A. (1993): The single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay): a European review. Mutat. Res., 288, 47-63 https://doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(93)90207-V
  25. MeCord, J.M. (2000): The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress. Am. J. Med., 108, 652-662 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00412-5
  26. Mohankumar, M.N., Janani, S., Prabhu, B.K., Kumar, P.R.V. and Jeevanram, R.K. (2002): DNA damage and integrity of UV-induced DNA repair in lymphocytes of smokers analysed by the comet assay. Mutat. Res., 520, 179-187 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00201-2
  27. Nakadate, M., and Ueno, Y. (1990): Selectede mycotoxin : ochratoxins, trichothecenes and ergot. Environ. Helth. Criten., 125, 71-164
  28. Nigro, M., Grenzilli, G., Scarcelli, V., Gorbi, S. and Regoli, F. (2002): Induction of DNA strand breakage and apoptosis in the eel Anguilla anguilla. Mar. Environ. Res., 54, 517- 520 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00178-2
  29. Özcelik, N., Soyz, M. and Kilmc, I. (2004): Effect of ochratoxin A on oxidative damage in rat kidney : Protective role of melatonin. J. Appl. Toxicol., 24, 211-215 https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.974
  30. Rasotogi, R., Srivastava, A.K. and Rastogi, A.K. (2001): Long term effect of aflatoxin B1 on lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney : effect of picroliv and silymarin. Phytother. Res., 15, 307-310 https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.722
  31. Rizzo, A.F., Atroshi, F., Hirvi, T. and Saloniemi, H. (1992): The hemolytic activity of deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin. Natural Toxins, 1, 106-110 https://doi.org/10.1002/nt.2620010209
  32. Shugart, L.R. (1988): Quantitation of chemically induced damage to DNA of aquatic organisms by alkaline unwinding assay. Aquat. Toxicol., 13, 43-52 https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(88)90071-9
  33. Singh, N.P., McCoy, M.T., Tice, R.R. and Schneider, E.L. (1988): A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp. Cell Res., 175, 184- 191 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(88)90265-0
  34. Smith, B.J., Holliday, S.D. and Blaylock, B.L. (1994): Hematopoietic alterations after expouser to T-2 mycotoxin. Toxicon., 32, 1115-1123 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(94)90395-6
  35. Steinmetz, K.A. and Potter, J.D. (1991): Vegetables, fruit and cancer. II. mechanisms. Cancer Causes and Control., 2, 427-442 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00054304
  36. Swamy, H.V.L., Smith, T.K., Karrow, N.A. and Boremans, H.J. (2004): Effects of feeding blends of grains naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins on growth and immunological parameters of broiler chickens. Poul. Sci., 83, 533-543 https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.4.533
  37. Ueno, Y. (1977): Mode of action of trichothecenes. Pure. Appl. Chem., 49, 1737-1745 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197749111737
  38. Ünde er, Ü., Ba aram, N. (2002): Assessment of DNA damage in workers occupationally exposed to pesticide mixtures by the alkaline comet assay. Arch. Toxicol., 76, 430- 436 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-002-0355-5
  39. Wen, H.C., Beth, A.V. and Xin, G.L. (1999): High level dietary vitamin E do not replace cellular glutathione peroxidase in protecting mice from acute oxidative stress. Biochem. Mole. Action. Nut., 98, 1951-1957
  40. Wu, G., Flynn, A.W. and Jolly, C.A. (1999): Dietary protein or arginine deficiency impairs constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthesis by young rats. J. Nutr., 1239, 1347-1357
  41. Wyatt, R.D., Hamilton, P.B. and Burmeister, H.R. (1973): The effects of T-2 toxin in broiler chickens. Poul. Sci., 52, 1853-1859 https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0521853
  42. Yun, Z.F., Sheng, Y. and Guoyao, W. (2002): Free radicals, antioxidants, and Nutrition. Nutrition., 18, 872-879 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00916-4
  43. Zheng, M. and Storz, G. (2000): Redox sensing by prokaryotic transcription factors. Biochem. Pharmacol., 59, 1-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00289-0