Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Salinity and Heavy Metal Contents of Solar Salts Produced in Jeollanamdo Province of Korea

전라남도 지역에서 생산된 천일염의 염도 및 중금속 함량

  • Lee, Kang-Deok (Dept. of Food Engineering and Solar Salt Biotechnology Research Center) ;
  • Park, Jeong-Wook (Food Industrial Technology Research Center, Mokpo National University) ;
  • Choi, Cha-Ran (Dept. of Food Engineering and Solar Salt Biotechnology Research Center) ;
  • Song, Hyun-Woo (Food Industrial Technology Research Center, Mokpo National University) ;
  • Yun, Su-Kyoung (Food Industrial Technology Research Center, Mokpo National University) ;
  • Yang, Ho-Chul (Jeollanam-do Institute of Health and Environment) ;
  • Ham, Kyung-Sik (Dept. of Food Engineering and Solar Salt Biotechnology Research Center)
  • 이강덕 (목포대학교 식품공학과, 천일염 생명과학연구소) ;
  • 박정욱 (목포대학교 식품산업기술연구센터) ;
  • 최차란 (목포대학교 식품공학과, 천일염 생명과학연구소) ;
  • 송현우 (목포대학교 식품산업기술연구센터) ;
  • 윤수경 (목포대학교 식품산업기술연구센터) ;
  • 양호철 (전남보건환경연구원) ;
  • 함경식 (목포대학교 식품공학과, 천일염 생명과학연구소)
  • Published : 2007.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To assess the safety of solar salts of Jeollanamdo province where most of Korean solar salts are produced, 433 samples of solar salts in total were collected and analyzed for their contents of sodium chloride and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury). Sodium chloride contents ranged from 80 to 85% in 63% of solar salts analyzed. Lead was not detected in 77% of solar salt samples and showed a value of below the maximum permissible limit (2 ppm) in other samples. Cadmium was not detected in most samples (78%), and the other samples where cadmium was detected showed a value far below the maximum permissible limit (0.5 ppm) except for three ones. Arsenic was detected in only four samples, but their concentrations were far below the permissible limit (0.1 ppm). Mercury was not detected in all samples. There were some differences between producing areas in the levels of sodium chloride and lead of solar salts, but the contents of cadmium, arsenic and mercury did not show significant regional differences. These results clearly indicate that solar salts produced from Jeollanamdo province are safe in the aspects of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury contents.

전남지역에서 생산된 천일염의 안전성에 대한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 전남의 주 생산지에서 생산된 천일염 433 종을 대상으로 NaCl 함량 및 중금속(Pb, Cd, As, Hg) 함량을 조사하였다. NaCl 함량은 대부분 80%대 수준이었으며 전체의 63%의 천일염이 $80{\sim}85%$ 함량을 보여 가장 높은 분포를 나타내었다. Pb은 77%의 시료에서 검출되지 않았고 Pb이 검출된 천일염은 모두 기준치인 2 ppm 이하로 나타났다. Cd은 78%의 시료에서 검출되지 않았으며 3곳을 제외하고는 대부분 기준치 이하로 검출되었다. As는 4종의 시료에서만 검출되었는데 모두 기준치에 못 미치는 0.1 ppm 이하로 나타났고, Hg은 모든 천일염에서 검출되지 않았다. NaCl 함량과 Pb 농도는 지역별로 차이를 보였고 Cd, As, Hg은 지역간에 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 전남에서 생산된 천일염은 생산 지역 간의 다소의 차이는 있으나 중금속오염에 대하여 안전한 수준인 것으로 평가되었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Huh SJ, Sho YS, Choi JD, Lee HJ, Choi SH, Sung JH, Im MH, Kim KS, Choi YH, Oh HS, Choi JH, Choi JS, Heo OS, Lee JH, Shin DW, Shin HS, Moon BW. 2001. Studies on the potassium cyanide and potassium ferrocyanide of salts in Korea. The Annual Report of KFDA 5: 270-277
  2. Kim SJ, Kim HL, Ham KS. 2005. Characterization of Kimchi fermentation prepared with various salts. Korean J Food Preserv 12: 395-401
  3. Ha JO, Park KY. 1998. Comparison of mineral contents and external structure of various salts. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 27: 413-418
  4. Jo EJ, Shin DH. 1998. Study on the chemical compositions of sun-dried, refined, and processed salt produced in Chonbuk area. J Fd Hyg Safety 13: 360-364
  5. Korea Salt Manufacture's Association. http://www.ksalt. or.kr/
  6. Shin TS, Park CK, Lee SH, Han KH. 2005. Effect of age on chemical composition in sun-dried salts. Korean J Food Sci Technol 37: 312-317
  7. Park JW, Kim SJ, Kim SH, Kim BH, Kang SG, Nam SH, Jung ST. 2000. Determination of mineral and heavy metal contents of various salts. Korean J Food Sci Technol 32: 1442-1445
  8. Hwang SH. 1988. A study on the heavy metal contents of common salts in Korea. Kor J Env Hlth Soc 14: 73-86
  9. Heo OS, Oh SH, Shin HS, Kim MR. 2005. Mineral and heavy contents of salt and salted-fermented shrimp. Korean J Food Sci Technol 37: 519-524
  10. Korea Food and Drug Administration. 2003. Food Code. Seoul, Korea
  11. Varian. 1989. Analytical methods for flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Varian Australia Pty Ltd, Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia
  12. Grame KA, Pollack CV. 1998. Heavy metal toxicity. Part 2: Lead and metal fume fever. J Emergency Med 16: 171-177 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(97)00283-7
  13. Hong CM. 2001. Effect of repeated exposure to Pb acetate on homeopoietic function, testis and kidney in male rats. J Toxicol Pub Health 17: 309-316
  14. Valencia R, Gerpe M, Trimmer J, Buckman T, Mason AZ, Olsson P. 1998. The effect of estrogen on cadmium distribution in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Marine Environmental Research 46: 167-171 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00125-6
  15. Kim MJ, Hong JH, Rhee SJ. 2003. Effect of vitamin E on cadmium accumulation and excretion in chronic cadmium poisoned rats. Korean J Nutrition 36: 691-698
  16. Suzuki KT. 1982. Induction and degradation of metal lothionein and their relation to the toxicity of cadmium. In Biological roles of metallothionen. Foulkes EC, ed. Elsevier, New York, USA. p 215
  17. Porter MC, Miya TS, Bousquet WF. 1974. Cadmium: inability to induce hypertension in rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 27: 692-695 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(74)90049-0
  18. Ha BJ. 2002. The effects of mercury and cadmium administered in subcutaneous tissue on enzymatic activity and lipidperoxidation. J Environmental Sci 11: 583-588 https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2002.11.6.583
  19. Schoolmeester WL, White DR, Salem W. 1980. Arsenic poisoning. Southern Med J 73: 198-208 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-198002000-00021
  20. Wong SS, Tan KC, Goh CL. 1998. Cutaneous manifes- tations of chronic arsenicism: review of seventeen cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 38: 179-185 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70596-1
  21. Sommers SC, McManus RG. 1953. Multiple arsenical cancers of the skin and internal organs. Cancer 6: 347-359 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(195303)6:2<347::AID-CNCR2820060219>3.0.CO;2-L
  22. Cuzick J, Evans S, Gillman M, Price Evans DA. 1982. Medicinal arsenic and internal malignancies. Br J Cancer 45: 904-911 https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1982.143
  23. Cho JH, Jeong SH, Kang HG, Yun HY. 2003. Effects of HgCl2 on plasma DNA content and blood biochemical values in rats. Korea J Vet Res 43: 641-648
  24. Fischer AB, Skreb Y. 1980. Cytotoxicity of manganese for mammalian cells in vitro-comparisons with lead, mercury and cadmium. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg (B) 171: 525-537
  25. Traore A, Bonini M, Nano SD, Creppy EE. 1999. Synergistic effects of some metals contaminating mussels on the cytotoxicity of the marine toxin okadaic acid. Arch Toxicol 73: 289-295 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002040050620

Cited by

  1. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Halophyte Salicornia europaea and Salt Marsh in West-coast of Korea vol.20, pp.4, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2011.20.4.483
  2. Comparison of the Quality Characteristics of Radish by Soaking Using Sun-dried Salt and Leuconostoc starter vol.19, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2012.19.6.951
  3. Physicochemical Characteristics and Physiological Activities of Naturally Fermented Glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) Juice vol.40, pp.11, 2011, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.11.1493
  4. Natural sea salt consumption confers protection against hypertension and kidney damage in Dahl salt-sensitive rats vol.61, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1264713
  5. Effects of Various Kinds of Salt on the Quality and Storage Characteristics of Tteokgalbi vol.34, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.5.604
  6. Physicochemical Quality Properties of Mudflat Solar Salt and Roasted Salt vol.43, pp.7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.7.1048
  7. Anti-Hypertensive Effect of a Solar Salt Diet in Elderly Hypertensive Patients: A Preliminary Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial vol.15, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2015.15.3.98
  8. Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Analysis of Korean Solar Salt and Flower of Salt vol.42, pp.7, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.7.1115
  9. The Physical and Chemical Properties of Salt Manufactured by New Process with Brine Produced in Korean Salt-farms vol.42, pp.10, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.10.1664
  10. Analysis of components according to different collecting time and production method in sun-dried salt vol.20, pp.6, 2013, https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2013.20.6.791
  11. Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Salt-Fermented Shrimp Prepared with Various Salts vol.37, pp.1, 2008, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.1.53
  12. Effects of Various Salts on Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Characteristics of Cured Meat vol.36, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.2.152
  13. Comparison of the Mineral Contents of Sun-dried Salt Depending on Wet Digestion and Dissolution vol.18, pp.6, 2011, https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2011.18.6.993
  14. 토판염전 결정지 내 세균군집의 계통학적 다양성 및 Culturomics법을 이용한 고도 호염균의 분리 vol.53, pp.1, 2007, https://doi.org/10.7845/kjm.2017.7011
  15. Feasibility of Applying Conductive Heat and Convective Heat to the Drying Process of Safe Solar Salt vol.44, pp.4, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42853-019-00034-w
  16. Comprehensive analysis to determine the differences of solar salt produced in South Korea and China vol.29, pp.3, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-019-00664-y
  17. A Study of the Diversity and Profile for Enzyme Production of Aerobically Cultured Halophilic Microorganisms from the Various Solar Salterns vol.24, pp.1, 2007, https://doi.org/10.13050/foodengprog.2020.24.1.62