한국토양비료학회지 (Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer)

  • 제40권4호
  • /
  • Pages.311-325
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  • 2007
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  • 0367-6315(pISSN)
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  • 2288-2162(eISSN)
한국토양비료학회 (Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer)
권호 표지

토양 중 중금속 생물유효도 평가방법 - 총설

Assessment Techniques of Heavy Metal Bioavailability in Soil - A critical Review

  • Kim, Kwon-Rae (Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia) ;
  • Owens, Gary (Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia) ;
  • Naidu, Ravi (Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia) ;
  • Kim, Kye-Hoon (Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul)
  • 투고 : 2007.05.20
  • 심사 : 2007.08.11
  • 발행 : 2007.08.28
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초록

오늘날 중금속으로 오염된 토양의 위해도 평가 및 오염토양 복원을 위한 기술의 적용에 있어서 점차 중금속의 생물유효도(bioavailability)가 총함량보다 중요하게 생각되고 있다. 그 결과 많은 연구자들은 토양과 토양수 내의 생물에 유효한 중금속의 함량을 조사함과 더불어 이 유효도에 영향을 미치는 주요 토양환경인자를 연구하고 있다. 따라서 본 총설은 일반적으로 유효도 평가에 이용되는 기존의 여러 방법들을 비교평가하고 중금속 유효도의 중요성을 이에 영향을 미치는 토양 인자와 함께기술하였다. 현재까지 다양한 유효도 측정 방법이 개발되어 많은 연구에 적용되고 있는데, 이에는 화학적 침출 방법 (chemical based extraction)과 이온 선택성 전극 (ion selective electrode, ISE) 및 확산구배막(diffusive gradient in the thin film, DGT)을 이용한 중금속 화학종 분리방법 등을 들 수 있다. 그러나 이와 같이 개발된 다양한 기술이 유효도 측정에 있어서 괄목할 만한 성과를 내고 있음에도 아직 국제적으로 인증되고 있는 기술이 있는 것은 아니다. 게다가 토양 중 중금속의 유효도는 토양의 종류 및 특성 그리고 측정 대상인 중금속의 종류에 따라 매우 다양한 양상을 보여준다. 토양 중 중금속의 유효도 변화는 주로 토양과 토양수 사이에서 일어나는 이온교환 반응을 통한 중금속 흡착(adsorption)과 탈착(desorption)에 의하여 일어나며 이 반응은 토양 pH, 유기물, 토양수 중 유기탄소(dissolved organic carbon, DOC), 유기산(low-molecular weight organic acids, LMWOAs) 및 주요 양이온과 같은 토양환경인자의 변화에 영향을 받는다. 예를들어 토양 pH의 증가는 탈수소화(deprotonation) 작용을 통해서 토양표면의 중금속 흡착능력을 높여 결과적으로 유효도를 감소시킨다. 토양중 유기물은 중금속 유효도를 감소시킴과 동시에 유기탄소 및 유기산의 원천으로서 유효도를 증가시키기도 한다. 즉, 유기물은 주로 음으로 하전된 표면을 가지고 있어 중금속을 고상으로 흡착시켜 유효도를 감소시킨다. 반면에 유기물에서 녹아 나온 토양수중 유기탄소 및 유기산은 강한 킬레이트(chelate)로서 토양표면으로부터 중금속을 떨어져 나오게 하여 유효한 중금속 함량을 높여준다. 이와 같은 중금속 이온과 토양인자 사이의 상호반응은 토양의 종류 및 중금속의 종류에 따라 매우 다양하다.

The concept of metal bioavailability, rather than total metal in soils, is increasingly becoming important for a thorough understanding of risk assessment and remediation. This is because bioavailable metals generally represented by the labile or soluble metal components existing as either free ions or soluble complexed ions are likely to be accessible to receptor organismsrather than heavy metals tightly bound on soil surface. Consequently, many researchers have investigated the bioavailability of metals in both soil and solution phases together with the key soil properties influencing bioavailability. In order to study bioavailability changes various techniques have been developed including chemical based extraction (weak salt solution extraction, chelate extraction, etc.) and speciation of metals using devices such as ion selective electrode (ISE) and diffusive gradient in the thin film (DGT). Changes in soil metal bioavailability typically occur through adsorption/desorption reactions of metal ions exchanged between soil solution and soil binding sites in response to changes in environment factors such as soil pH, organic matter (OM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), low-molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs), and index cations. Increasesin soil pH result in decreases in metal bioavailability through adsorption of metal ions on deprotonated binding sites. Organic matter may also decrease metal bioavailability by providing more negatively charged binding sites, and metal bioavailability can also be decreases as concentrations of DOC and LMWOAs increase as these both form strong chelate complexeswith metal ions in soil solution. The interaction of metal ions with these soil properties also varies depending on the soil and metal type.

키워드

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