References
- Proctor, J. T. A. and Bailey, W. G. : Ginseng: industry, botany and culture. Hortic-Revue. 9, 187-236 (1987)
- Anderson, R. C., Fralish, J. S., Armstrong, J. E. and Benjamin, P. K. : The ecology and biology of Panax quinquefolium L. (Araliaceae) in Illinois. Am. Midl. Nat. 129, 357-372 (1993) https://doi.org/10.2307/2426517
- Briskin, D. P. : Medicinal plants and phytomedicines: linking plant biochemistry and physiology to human health. Plant Physiol. 124, 507-514 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.124.2.507
- Hsu, P. C. : Commercial production of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.). Native Plants J. 3, 106-108 (2002)
- Koniger, M., Harris, G. C., Virgo, A. and Winter, K. : Xanthophyll-cycle pigments and photosynthetic capacity in tropical forest species: a comparative field study on canopy, gap and understory plants. Oecol. 104, 280-290 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328362
- Kursar, T. A. and Coley, P. D. : Contrasting modes of light acclimation in two species of the rainforest understory. Oecol. 121, 489-498 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050955
- Lee, S. S., Proctor, J. T. A. and Choi, K. T. : Influence of monochromatic light on photosynthesis and leaf bleaching in Panax species. J. Ginseng Res. 23, 1-7 (1999)
- Miskell, J.-A., Parmenter, G. and Eaton-Rye, J. J. : Decreased hill reaction rates and slow turnover of transitory starch in the obligate shade plant Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginseng ). Planta 215, 969-979 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-002-0839-9
- Li, W., Wan, Z. and Yang, S. : Effects of different light transmission rate on American ginseng's photosynthesis. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 15, 261-264 (2004)
- Zhang, Z. A., Xu, K. Z., Quiao, C. G., Yin, Y. Y., Chen, X. and Quiao, R. T. : The effects of light on the microstructure and ultrastructure of Panax ginseng leaves. p. 504-509. In: Bailey, W.G., Whitehead, C., Proctor, J.T.A. and Kyle, J.T. (eds), The Challenges of the 21st Century. Proceeding of the International Ginseng Conference. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (1995)
- Parmenter, G. and Littlejohn, R. : The effect of irradiance during leaf development on photoinhibition in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J. Ginseng Res. 22, 102-113 (1998)
- Parmenter, G. and Littlejohn, R. : Effect of shade on growth and photosynthesis of Panax ginseng. N.Z.J. Crop Hort. Sci. 28, 255-269 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1997.9514147
- Nam, M. H., Heo, E. J., Kim, J. Y., Kim, S. I., Kwon, K.-H., Seo, J. B., Kwon, O., Yoo, J. S. and Park, Y. M. : Proteome analysis of the responses of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer leaves to high light: Use of electrospray ionization quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry and expressed sequence tag data. Proteomics 3, 2351-2367 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200300509
- Rosevear, M. J., Young, A. J. and Johnson, G. N. : Growth conditions are more important than species origin in determining leaf pigment content of British plant species. Funct. Ecol. 15, 474-480 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00540.x
- Wang, H., Fan, J., Yang, X., Fan, G., Liou, Q. and Dai, H. : A study on ginseng cultivation under forest conditions and its physiological and ecological characteristics. p. 452-462. In: Bailey, W.G., Whitehead, C., Proctor, J.T.A. and Kyle, J.T. (eds), The Challenges of the 21st Century. Proceeding of the International Ginseng Conference. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (1995)
- Rothstein, D. E. and Zak, D. R. : Photosynthetic adaptation and acclimation to exploit seasonal periods of direct irradiance in three temperate, deciduous-forest herbs. Funct. Ecol. 15, 722-731 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00584.x
- Yin, Z. H. and Johnson, G. N. : Photosynthetic acclimation of higher plants to growth in fluctuating light environments. Photosynth. Res. 63, 97-107 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006303611365
- Pearcy, R. W. : Photosynthetic response to sunflecks and light gaps: mechanisms and constraints. p. 255-271. In: Baker, N.R. and Bowyer, J.R. (eds), Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis from Molecular Mechanisms to the Field. BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited, Oxford, UK (1994)
- Demmig-Adams, B., Gilmore, A. M. and Adams III, W. W. : Carotenoids 3: in vivo functions of carotenoids in higher plants. FASEB J. 10, 403-412 (1996a) https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.10.4.8647339
- Demmig-Adams, B., Adams III, W. W., Barker, D. H., Logan, B. A., Bowling, D.R. and Verhoeven, A.S.: Using chlorophyll fluorescence to assess the fraction of absorbed light allocated to thermal dissipation of excess excitation. Physiol. Plant 98, 253-264 (1996b) https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1996.980206.x
- Niinemets, U., Bilger, W., Kull, O. and Tenhunen, J. D. : Acclimation to high irradiance in temperate deciduous trees in the field: changes in xanthophyll cycle pool size and in photosynthetic capacity along a canopy gradient. Plant Cell Environ. 21, 1205-1218 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00364.x
- Havaux, M. and Niyogi, K. : The violaxanthin cycle protects plants from photooxidative damage by more than one mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 8762-8767 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.15.8762
- Li, X.-P., Bjorkman, O., Shih, C., Grossman, A. R., Rosenquist Rosenquist, M., Jansson, S. and Niyogi, K. K. : A pigment-binding protein essential for regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. Nature 403, 391-395 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1038/35000131
- Chow, W. S., Anderson, J. M. and Melis, A. : The photosystem stoichiometry in thylakoids of some Australian shadeadapted plant species. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 17, 665-674 (1990)
- Beaudet, M. and Messier, C. : Variation in canopy openness and light transmission following selection cutting in northern hardwood stands: an assessment based on hemispherical photographs. Agricult. Forest Meterol. 110, 217-228 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00289-1
- Easter, M. J. and Spies, T. A. : Using hemispherical photography for estimating photosynthetic photon flux density under canopies and in gaps in Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. Forest Res. 24, 2050-2058 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1139/x94-263
- Gendron, F., Messier, C. and Comeau, P. G. : Comparison of various methods for estimating the mean growing season percent photosynthetic photon flux density in forests. Agricult. Forest Meterol. 92, 55-70 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00082-3
- Canham, C. D., Denslow, J. S., Platt, W. J., Runkle, J. R., Spies, T. A. and White, P. S. : Light regimes beneath closed canopies and tree-fall gaps in temperate and tropical forests. Can. J. Forest Res. 20, 620-631 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-084
- Maxwell, K. and Johnson, G. N. : Chlorophyll fluorescence - a practical guide. J. Exp. Bot. 51, 659-668 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659
- Krause, G. H. and Weis, E. : Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: the basics. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42, 313-349 (1991) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.001525
-
Gilmore, A. M. and Yamamoto, H. Y. : Resolution of lutein and zeaxanthin using non-endcapped, lightly carbon-loaded
$C_{18}$ high-performance liquid chromatographic column. J. Chromatogr. 543, 137-145 (1991) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)95762-0 - Demmig-Adams, B. and Adams III, W. W. : Photoprotection and other responses of plants to high light stress. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 43, 599-626 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.43.060192.003123
- Xu, S. X., Wang, H. Y. and Chen, Y. J. : Studies on chemistry of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius in China. p. 487-489. In: Bailey, W.G., Whitehead, C., Proctor, J.T.A. and Kyle, J.T. (eds), The Challenges of the 21st Century. Proceeding of the International Ginseng Conference. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (1995)
- Johnson, G. N., Rumsey, F. J., Headley, A. D. and Sheffield, E. : Adaptations to extreme low light in the fern Trichomanes speciosum. New Phytology 148, 423-431 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00772.x
- Manetas, Y., Drinia, A. and Petropoulou, Y. : High contents of anthocyanins in young leaves are correlated with low pools of xanthophyll cycle components and low risk of photoinhibition. Photosynthetica 40, 349-354 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022614722629
- Liu, P., Meng, Q.-W., Zou, Q., Zhao, S.-J. and Liu, Q.-Z. : Effects of cold-hardening on chilling-induced photoinhibition of photosynthesis and on xanthophyll cycle pigments in sweet pepper. Photosynthetica 39, 467-472 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015155032135
- Sims, D. A. and Pearcy, R. W. : Sunfleck frequency and duration affects growth rate of the understorey plant, Alocasia macrorrhiza. Funct. Ecol. 7, 683-689 (1993) https://doi.org/10.2307/2390189
- Huner, N. P. A., Oquist, G., Hurry, V. M., Krol, M., Falk, S. and Griffith, M. : Photosynthesis, photoinhibition and low temperature acclimation in cold tolerant plants. Photosynth. Res. 37, 19-39 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02185436
- Leipner, J., Fracheboud, Y. and Stamp, P. : Acclimation by suboptimal growth temperature diminishes photooxidative damage in maize leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 20, 366-372 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-76.x
- Jo, J. S. and Won, J. Y. : Studies on the photosynthesis of Korean ginseng. Korean J. Crop Sci. 29, 89-97 (1984)
- Jo, J. S., Won, J. Y. and Mok, S. K. : Studies on the photosynthesis of Korean ginseng iii. Effects of light transparent rate of shading on the photosynthesis ability of Korean ginseng plant (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Korean J. Crop Sci. 31, 408-415 (1986)
- Humbeck, K., Quast, S. and Krupinska, K. : Functional and molecular changes in the photosynthetic apparatus during senescence of flag leaves from field-grown barley plants. Plant Cell Environ. 19, 337-344 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00256.x