Korean Journal of Community Nutrition (대한지역사회영양학회지)

The Korean Society of Community Nutrition (대한지역사회영양학회)
권호 표지

Practices of Nutritional Ergogenic Aids Usage by Elite Bodybuilders and Weight Lifters

엘리트 보디빌더와 역도선수의 영양 보조물(nutritional ergogenic aids) 섭취 실제

  • 조성숙 (대한체육회 선수촌) ;
  • 이옥희 (용인대학교 자연과학대학 식품영양학과)
  • Published : 2008.02.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and type of nutritional ergogenic aids use, and to determine the frequency, reasons for use of nutritional ergogenic aids. Thirty-four male bodybuilders (mean age = 27.0 years), twenty-four male weight lifters (mean age = 20.9 years) participated in the study. Participants completed a comprehensive survey detailing their usage patterns. In this study, 78.1% of bodybuilders and 79.2% of weight lifters reported using nutritional ergogenic aids. The most frequently taken nutritional ergogenic aids, in ranking order, were protein/amino acid powders (79.4%), multivitamin/minerals (67.7%) and creatine (67.6%) for bodybuilders, in contrast to sports drinks (100.0%), protein/amino acid powders (50.5%) and creatine (50.5%) for weight lifters. Over the half of the respondents, 79.4% of bodybuilders and 50.6% of weight lifters, used protein/amino acid powders to gain muscle mass and to stay healthy. Bodybuilders, 67.6% and weight lifters, 41.7%, used multivitamin/minerals to stay healthy and for energy. The intakes of most vitamin and minerals through diet and nutritional ergogenic aids were much greater than RDA. Vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin $B_6$ and folate intakes were ranged at 400-900%. Vitamin C intake was 1285.4% (for bodybuilders) and 1322.6% (for weight lifters). The correct answer rate of nutritional ergogenic aids was 46.0% for bodybuilders and 52.0% for weight lifters. Both bodybuilders and weight lifters took highly nutritional ergogenic aids and it tended to be taken irrespective of scientific background. Specific sport nutrition education applicable to athletes, especially strength athletes, is recommended. The findings of this investigation could be used to enable the professionals (sports dietician and physician) to identity common misconceptions regarding nutritional ergogenic aids and to implement educational programs.

Keywords

References

  1. American College of Sports Medicine (1987): Position stand on the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in sport. Med Sci Sport Exerc 19: 534-539
  2. Burke LM, Read RSD (1993): Dietary supplements in sport. Sports Med 15(1): 43-65 https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199315010-00005
  3. Burke L (1995): Practical issues in nutrition for athletes. J Sports Sci 13: S83-S90 https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419508732281
  4. Burke L, Deakin V (2000): Clinical Sports Nutrition 2nd ed. Chapter 17 Dietary supplements and nutritional ergogenic aids in sport, pp.455-553. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, Australia
  5. Cowart V (1992): Dietary supplements: Alternatives to anabolic steroids? Phys Sports Med 20: 189-198 March
  6. Cribb PJ, Hayes A (2006): Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Med Sci Sport Exerc 38(11): 1918-1925 https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000233790.08788.3e
  7. Economics CD, Bortz SS, Nelson ME (1993): Nutritional practices of elite athletes; Practical recommendations. Sports Med 16: 381-399 https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199316060-00004
  8. Forbes GB (1985): The effect of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: the dose response curve. Metabol 34: 571-573 https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(85)90196-9
  9. Forbes GB (1992): Sequence of changes in body composition induced by testosterone and reversal of changes after drug is stopped. JAMA 267: 397-399 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.267.3.397
  10. Han JH, Kim SH (1999): Vitamin.mineral supplement use and related variables by Korean adolescents. Kor J Nutr 32(3): 268-276
  11. Han JH, Kim SH (2000): Behaviors of vitamin.mineral supplement usage by healthy adolescents attending general middle or high schools in Korea. Kor J Nutr 33(3): 332-342
  12. Huygens W, Claessens AL, Thomis M, Loos R, Van Langendonck L, Peeters M, Philippaerts R, Meynaerts E, Vlietinck R, Beunen G (2002): Body composition estimations by BIA versus anthropometric equations in body builders and other power athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 42: 45-55
  13. Jacobson BH, Sobonya C, Ransone J (2001): Nutrition practices and knowledge of college varisty athletes: A follow up. J Strength Cond Res 15(1): 63-68
  14. Kanchisa H, Ikegawa S, Fukunaga T (1998): Body composition and cross-sectional areas of limb lean tissues in olympic weight lifters. Scan J Med Sci Sports 8: 271-278 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00482.x
  15. Kim MK, Choi B Lee SS (1992): A study on the nutrient supplements usage and related factors in Seoul, Korea. Kor J Nutr 25(3): 264-274
  16. Kim SH (1994): Patterns of vitamin.mineral supplements usage among the middle aged in Korea. Kor J Nutr 27(3): 236-252
  17. Kleiner SM, Bazzarre TL, Ainsworth BE (1996): Nutritional status of nationally ranked elite bodybuilders. Int J Sport Nutr 4: 54-69
  18. Kreider R, Ferreira M, Wilson M (1998): Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength and sprint performance. Med Sci Sport Exerc 30: 73-82
  19. Kreider RB, Dawn H, Greg H, Michael D, Sarah S, Beth A (1995): Effects of carbohydrate supplementation during intense training on dietary patterns, psychological status, and performance. Int J Sport Nutr 5: 125-135 https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.5.2.125
  20. Massad SJ, Shier NW, Koceja, Ellis NJ (1995): High school athletes and nutritional supplements: a study of knowledge and use. Int J Sport Nutr 5: 232-245 https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.5.3.232
  21. Nieper A (2005): Nutritional supplement practices in UK junior national track and field athletes. Br J Sports Med Sep; 39(9): 645-649 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.015842
  22. Park H, Kim YS, Lee MC (1997): A Survey on the knowledge of domestic consumers on nutritional ergogenics. Kor J Exerc Nutr 1(1): 45-60
  23. Parr RB, Porter MA, Hodgson SC (1984): Nutrition knowledge and practice of coaches, trainers, and athletes. Physician Sports Med 12(3): 127-138
  24. Rasmussen BB, Tipton KD, Miller SL(2000): An oral essential amino acids-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 88(2): 386-392 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.386
  25. Shoaf LR, McCallen PD, Birskovich KA (1986): Nutrition knowledge, interests, and information sources of male athletes. J Nutr Edu 18(6): 243-245 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(86)80158-3
  26. Smith D, Perry P (1992): The efficacy of ergogenic agents in athletic competition. Part I: Androgenic-anabolic steroids. Ann Pharmacother 26: 520-528 https://doi.org/10.1177/106002809202600414
  27. Sobal JS, Marquart LF (1994a): Vitamin/mineral supplement use among athletes: A review of the literature. Int J Sport Nutr 4: 320-334 https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.4.320
  28. Sobal JS, Marquart LF (1994b): Vitamin/mineral supplement use among high school athletes. Adolescence 29: 835-840
  29. Striegel H, Simon P, Wurster C, Niess AM, Ulrich R (2006): The use of nutritional supplements among master athletes. Int J Sports Med 27: 236-241 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-865648
  30. Tipton KD, Wolfe RR (2001): Exercise, protein metabolism, and muscle growth. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 11(1): 109-132 https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.11.1.109
  31. Williams MH (1999): Nutritional supplements for strength trained athletes, sports science exchange 6:6, Gatorade Sport Science Institute, Chicago
  32. Woo SI, Cho SS, Kim KW, Kim JH(1998): Nutrition supplement use, nutrition knowledge and nutrient intake of athletes. Kor J Comm Nutr 3(1): 94-106