Particulate Matter 10 from Asian Dust Storms Induces the Expression of Reactive Oxygen Species, NF-κ, TGF-β and Fibronectin in WI-26 VA4 Epithelial Cells

황사의 PM10이 WI-26 VA4 Cells에서 Reactive Oxygen Species, NFκB, TGF-β, Fibronectin의 발현에 미치는 영향

  • Park, Kyeong Seon (Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center) ;
  • Kim, Yu Jin (Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center) ;
  • Yoon, Jin Young (Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center) ;
  • Kyung, Sun Young (Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center) ;
  • An, Chang Hyeok (Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center) ;
  • Lee, Sang Pyo (Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center) ;
  • Park, Jeong Woong (Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center) ;
  • Jeong, Sung Hwan (Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center)
  • 박경선 (가천의과학대학교 의학전문대학원) ;
  • 김유진 (가천의과학대학교 길병원 호흡기내과) ;
  • 윤진영 (가천의과학대학교 길병원 호흡기내과) ;
  • 경선영 (가천의과학대학교 길병원 호흡기내과) ;
  • 안창혁 (가천의과학대학교 길병원 호흡기내과) ;
  • 이상표 (가천의과학대학교 길병원 호흡기내과) ;
  • 박정웅 (가천의과학대학교 길병원 호흡기내과) ;
  • 정성환 (가천의과학대학교 길병원 호흡기내과)
  • Received : 2008.09.12
  • Accepted : 2008.11.17
  • Published : 2008.12.30

Abstract

Background: Particulate matter may be toxic to human tissue. Ambient air particulate matter ${\leq}10{\mu}m$ in aerodynamic size ($PM_{10}$), which changes under different environmental conditions, is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds. The Asian dust event caused by meteorological phenomena can also spread unique particulate matter in affected areas. We evaluated production of ROS, $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin, and $NF{\kappa}B$ by exposing normal epithelial cells to Asian dust particulate matter. Methods: Bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to 0, 50, ${\leq}100{\mu}g/ml$ of a suspension of $PM_{10}$ for 24 h. ROS were detected by measurement of DCF release from DCF-DA by FACScan. $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin, and $NF{\kappa}B$ were detected by western blotting. Results: $PM_{10}$ exposure increased the expression of $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin, and $NF{\kappa}B$. ROS production and $TGF-{\beta}$ levels were significantly higher with 50 or ${\leq}100{\mu}g/ml$ $PM_{10}$. Fibronectin and $NF{\kappa}B$ production were significantly higher after ${\leq}100{\mu}g/ml$ of $PM_{10}$. Conclusion: $PM_{10}$ from Asian dust particles might have fibrotic potential in bronchial epithelial cells via ROS induction after $PM_{10}$ exposure.

연구배경: 황사는 동북아시아에서 자연 발생하는 현상으로, 지름 $10{\mu}m$ 이하의 미세먼지(particulate matter 10, $PM_{10}$)를 다수 포함하여, 흡입하면 하부기관지 및 폐의 가스-교환부분까지 침착 가능하여 호흡기계에 손상을 일으킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 황사에 포함된 $PM_{10}$을 기관지상피세포에 작용시켜 활성산소 및 $NF{\kappa}B$, $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin이 증가 여부를 확인하고 섬유화의 신호경로를 규명하고자 하였다. 방 법: 공기포집기로 포집한 $PM_{10}$ 입자를 추출하여 기관지 상피세포인 WI-26 VA4 cells (KCLB)에 $PM_{10}$을 농도에 맞게 노출시켰다(0, 50, $100{\mu}g/ml$). ROS는 DCF-DA를 세포에 반응시킨 후 생성된 DCF를 FACScan을 이용해 측정하였다. $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin, $NF{\kappa}B$는 western blotting으로 분석하였다. 항산화제인 NAC를 이용하여 각 물질의 발현 억제 여부를 측정하였다. 결 과: $PM_{10}$을 가했을 때 대조군에 비하여 $50{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$에서 ROS, $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin, $NF{\kappa}B$ 발현이 유의하게 증가하였고, 항산화제인 NAC를 처리한 세포는 ROS, $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin, $NF{\kappa}B$의 발현이 $50{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$에서 유의하게 감소하였다. 결 론: 황사의 $PM_{10}$은 WI-26 VA4 cells에서 ROS 생성을 증가시키고 $NF-{\kappa}B$, $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin 생성을 증가시켜 섬유화에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Chun YS. The Yellow-Sand phenomenon recorded in the Chosunwangjosilok. J Meteorol Soc Korea 2000;36: 285-92.
  2. Donaldson K, Stone V, Clouter A, Renwick L, MacNee W. Ultrafine particle. Occup Environ Med 2001;58:211- 9. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.3.211
  3. Buschini A, Cassoni F, Anceschi E, Pasini L, Poli P, Rossi C. Urban airborne particulate: genotoxicity evaluation of different size fractions by mutagenesis tests on microorganisms and comet assay. Chemosphere 2001;44:1723-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00550-6
  4. Dihl RR, da Silva CG, do Amaral VS, Reguly ML, de Andrade HH. Mutagenic and recombinagenic activity of airborne particulates, PM10 and TSP, organic extracts in the Drosophila wing-spot test. Environ Pollut 2008; 151:47-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.03.008
  5. Hong YH, Peng HB, La Fata V, Liao JK. Hydrogen peroxide- mediated transcriptional induction of macrophage colony-stimulating factor by TGF-beta1. J Immunol 1997;159:2418-23.
  6. Junn E, Lee KN, Ju HR, Han SH, Im JY, Kang HS, et al. Requirement of hydrogen peroxide generation in TGF-beta 1 signal transduction in human lung fibroblast cells: involvement of hydrogen peroxide and Ca2+in TGF-beta 1-induced IL-6 expression. J Immnol 2000;165:2190-7. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.2190
  7. Hagiwara SI, Ishii Y, Kitamura S. Aerosolized administration of N-acetylcysteine attenuates lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:225-31. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9903129
  8. Kim JH, Jeon HK, Kim MK, Kyung SY, An CH, Lee SP, et al. Particulate matter from Asian dust storms induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokine in A549 epithelial cells. Tuberc Respir Dis 2006;60:663-72. https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2006.60.6.663
  9. Jimenez LA, Thomson J, Brown D. PM10 particles activate NF-${\kappa}B$ in alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:A27.
  10. Hwang HJ, Kang SJ, Kang SE, Park YM, Kim HK, Roh CU. Single particle characterization of aerosol samples collected during Asian dust storm events and non- Asian dust period in Incheon. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Environmental Societies Joint Conference; 2007 May 2-4; Busan, Korea. Seoul: Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment; 2007. p. 179-82.
  11. Baek KW, Chung JD. Study on the yellow sandy dust phenomena in Korean peninsula and chemical compositions in fine particles at background sites of Korea. Korean J Sanitation 2004;19:9-18.
  12. Gonzalez-Flecha B. Oxidant mechanisms in response to ambient air particles. Mol Aspects Med 2004;25:169-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2004.02.017
  13. Ha EH. Effects of Asian dust storm on health. The magazine of the Society of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering of Korea 2006;35:21-5.
  14. Donaldson K, Stone V. Current hypotheses on the mechanisms of toxicity of ultrafine particles. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2003;39:405-10.
  15. Long CM, Suh HH, Kobzik L, Catalano PJ, Ning YY, Koutrakis P. A pilot investigation of the relative toxicity of indoor and outdoor fine particles: in vitro effects of endotoxin and other particulate properties. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109:1019-26. https://doi.org/10.2307/3454956
  16. Osornio-Vargas AR, Bonner JC, Alfaro-Moreno E, Martínez L, García-Cuellar C, Ponce-de-León Rosales S, et al. Proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects of Mexico City air pollution particulate matter in vitro are dependent on particle size and composition. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:1289-93. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5913
  17. Brown DM, Wilson MR, MacNee W, Stone V, Donaldson K. Size-dependent proinflammatory effects of ultrafine polystyrene particles: a role for surface area and oxidative stress in the enhanced activity of ultrafines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001;175:191-9. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.2001.9240
  18. Jiang Z, Seo JY, Ha H, Lee EA, Kim YS, Han DC, et al. Reactive oxygen species mediate TGF-beta1-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 upregulation in mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;309:961-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.102
  19. Lee HB, Yu MR, Yang Y, Jiang Z, Ha H. Reactive oxygen species-regulated signaling pathways in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:S241-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000077410.66390.0F
  20. Vallyathan V, Shi X. The role of oxygen free radicals in occupational and environmental lung diseases. Environ Health Perspect 1997;105 Suppl 1:165-77. https://doi.org/10.2307/3433405
  21. Ha H, Yu MR, Uh ST, Park CS, Lee HB. Role of reactive oxygen species in transforming growth factor - beta1 - inuduced fibronectin secretion and alpha - smooth muscle actin expression in human lung fibroblasts. Tuberc Respir Dis 2005;58:267-75. https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2005.58.3.267