Journal of Nutrition and Health

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

The Relationship between Beverage Consumption, Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index in Elementary School Students in Gyeongnam Area

경남지역 초등학생들의 음료수 섭취와 영양소 섭취량 및 BMI와의 관련성

  • Kim, Seok-Young (Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Ryu, Seon-A (Major of Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Gyeongsang National University)
  • 김석영 (경상대학교 식품영양) ;
  • 류선아 (경상대학교 교육대학원 영양교육)
  • Published : 2008.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was performed to assess the effects of beverage consumption on nutrient intake and anthropometric measurements. Beverage intake and dietary intake were measured by a beverage frequency and quantity questionnaire and three 24-hour dietary recalls in 160 elementary school students in the Gyeongnam area. The number of drinking moments per month was 93.5 and drinking amount of all beverages was 626.6 mL per day. The amount of milk intake was 253.8 ml per day, which was the highest in all types of beverage consumption, followed by juice(133.6 mL), and carbonated beverage(77.7 mL). The amount of sweetened beverage which was defined as all beverages except milk and soy milk was 359.7 mL per day. Energy intakes from all kinds of beverages and sweetened beverages accounted for 20.3% and for 10.5% of the daily energy intake, respectively. The contributions of sweetened beverage intake to the daily energy intake in girls accounted for 13.5%, whereas in boys it was 7.7% and significantly lower. The number of drinking moments and the contribution of sweetened beverage intake to daily energy intake were negatively correlated with protein, vitamin A and niacin intake, respectively. The consumption of milk and soybean milk combined showed a significant negative correlation with the body fat ratio(%) and it also negatively correlated with waist-hip girth ratio(WHR). However, the sweetened beverage intake was not related any of the anthropometric measurement. In conclusion, consumption of the sweetened beverage dropped the nutritional quality of diet. However it was not related with anthropometric measurements in elementary students.

초등학생들의 음료수 섭취실태를 살펴보고 우유 및 가당 음료수섭취가 아동들의 영양소섭취와 비만도에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 경남의 초등학생 160명을 대상으로 2006년 6월부터 7월까지 신체계측을 실시하고, 정량적 빈도법을 이용하여 음료수섭취량을 조사하였다. 또 24시간 회상법을 사용하여 비연속적으로 3일간의 영양소섭취량을 조사하였다. 조사대상 아동들의 음료수의 총 섭취빈도는 1개월에 93.5회로 하루 평균 3.1회 정도였다. 음료수 중, 우유섭취빈도가 가장 높았는데 1개월에 36회로 하루 평균 1회 이상 우유를 섭취하였으며 다음으로 주스, 발효유, 탄산음료의 순이었다. 또 총 음료수 섭취량은 하루 평균 626.6 mL였고, 이 중 우유를 가장 많이 섭취하였고(253.8 mL), 다음으로 주스(133.6 mL), 탄산음료(77.7 mL)의 순이었다. 또 우유와 두유를 제외한 가당 음료수 섭취량은 359.7 mL였다. 전체 음료수 섭취열량은 328.5 kcal로, 하루 섭취열량의 20.3%였으며, 우유 및 두유로부터 섭취한 열량은 하루 섭취열량의 9.8%였고, 가당 음료는 10.5%였다. 남녀 아동별로 비교해 보았을 때 가당 음료로부터 얻는 열량의 비율이 여자가 13.5%, 남자가 7.7%로 여자가 남자에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 가당 음료수를 섭취하는 빈도와 이로 부터 얻는 열량이 높을수록 단백질, 비타민 A, 나이아신의 섭취량이 낮아서 아동들의 식사의 질이 낮았을 가능성이 있었다. 그러나 우유 및 두유 섭취빈도는 아동들의 영양섭취와 상관이 없었다. 우유 및 두유 섭취빈도가 높을 수록 키는 컸고, 체지방비와 WHR은 낮았으며 우유 및 두유섭취량이 많을수록, 체지방비와 WHR은 낮았다. 또 우유 및 두유로 부터의 섭취열량이 많을수록 WHR은 낮았지만, 가당 음료수 섭취는 신체계측치와 상관이 없었다. 결론적으로 초등학생들의 경우 우유 및 두유 섭취빈도는 아동들의 영양소섭취와 상관이 없었고, 우유 및 두유섭취량이 많을수록 체지방비와 WKR은 낮았다. 반면에 가당 음료수 섭취가 영양적인 측면에서 식사의 질을 저하시킬 가능성은 있었지만, 아동의 비만도와는 관련이 없었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Kang YJ, Hong CH, Hong YJ. The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity over the last 18 years in Seoul area. Korean J Nutr 1997; 30(7): 832-839
  2. Dempsey T, Miller A, Boyattia T. Let's get physical: a policy on increasing physical activity in school-aged children. J Okla State Med Assoc 2004; 97(3): 119-121
  3. French SA, Lin BH, Guthrie JF. National trends in soft drink consumption among children and adolescents age 6 to 17 years: prevalence, amounts, and sources, 1977/1978 to 1994/1998. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103(10): 1326-1331 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(03)01076-9
  4. James J, Kerr D. Prevention of childhood obesity by reducing soft drinks. Int J Obes 2005; 29(Suppl 2): S54-S57 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802788
  5. St-Onge MP, Keller KL, Heymsfield SB. Changes in childhood food consumption patterns: a cause for concern in light of increasing body weights. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 1068-1073 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.6.1068
  6. Wiecha JL, Finkelstein D, Troped PJ, Fragala M, Peterson KE. School vending machine use and fast-food restaurant use are associated with sugar-sweetened beverage intake in youth. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106(10): 1624-1630 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.07.007
  7. Blum JW, Jacobsen DJ, Donnelly JE. Beverage consumption patterns in elementary school aged children across a two-year period. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 24(2): 93-98 https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2005.10719449
  8. Harnack L, Stang J, Story M. Soft drink consumption among US children and adolescents: nutritional consequences. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99: 436-441 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00106-6
  9. Fiorito LM, Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H, Birch LL. Dairy and dairy-related nutrient intake during middle childhood. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106: 534-542 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.005
  10. Bowman SA. Beverage choices of young females: changes and impact on nutrient intakes. J Am Diet Assoc 2002; 102(9): 1234-1239 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90273-7
  11. 한국보건산업진흥원 국가청소년위원회, 청소년 건강과 탄산음료 -과다한 섭취에 따른 건강상 위해 및 제 외국의 규제실태를 중심으로-, 서울; 2006
  12. Wilson JF. Lunch eating behavior of preschool children: effects of age, gender, and type of beverage served. Physiol Behav 2000; 70: 27-33 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00230-4
  13. Van Wymelbeke V, Beridot-Therond M-E, de La Gueronniere V, Fantino M. Influence of repeated consumption of beverages containing sucrose or intense sweeteners on food intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58: 154-161 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601762
  14. Mrdjenovic G, Levitsky DA. Nutritional and energetic consequenences of sweetened drink consumption in 6-to 13-year-old children. J Pediatr 2003; 142: 604-610 https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2003.200
  15. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 274-288
  16. Marshall TA, Gilmore JME, Broffitt B, Stumbo PJ, Levy SM. Diet quality in young children is influenced by beverage consumption. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 24(1): 65-75 https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2005.10719445
  17. Ballew C, Kuester S, Gillespie C. Beverage choices affect adequacy of children's nutrient intakes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000; 154: 1148-1152 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.154.11.1148
  18. Song MJ, An EM, Shon HS, Kim SB, Cha YS. A study on the status of beverage consumption of the middle school students in Jeonju. Korean J Community Nutrition 2005; 10(2): 174-182
  19. Kang BS, Park MS, Cho YS, Lee JW. Beverage consumption and related factors among adolescents in the Chungnam urban area. Korean J Community Nutrition 2006; 11(4): 469-478
  20. Kim SY, Lee HJ. The influence of food habits on nutrient intake and body mass index in elementary school students in the Gyeongnam area. Korean J Community Nutrition 2007; 12(6): 705-713
  21. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans, Seoul; 2005
  22. Ministry of Health & Welfare, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, The Third Korea National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III), Seoul; 2006
  23. Ministry of Health & Welfare, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, The Second Korea National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES II), Seoul; 2003
  24. Chung SJ, Kim JH, Lee JS, Lee DH, Kim SH, Yu CH. A suggestion to develop a nutrition policy on food and nutritio labeling and education systems for fast food and carbonated soft drinks in Korea. Korean J Nutr 2004; 37(5): 394-405
  25. Gibson RS. Principles of nutritional assessment. New York: Oxord University Press; 1990. p.87-89
  26. Lee RD, Nieman DC. Nutritional assessment. New York: Mosby; 1996. p.108
  27. Kim JH. Analysis of the awareness of the value and the consumpion pattern on milk of elementary middle and high school students. J Korean Home Economics Assoc 2007; 45(1): 23-33
  28. Sohn KH, Min SH, Lee MJ, Lee HJ. A study on the consumption of dairy beverage of female and factors affecting the consumption status. Korean J Food & Nutr 2000; 13(5): 465-476
  29. Morton JF, Guthrie JF. Changes in children' total fat intakes and their food group sources of fat, 1989-91 versus 1994-95: implications for diet quality. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 1998; 11(3): 44-57
  30. O'Connor TM, Yang SJ, Nicklas TA. Beverage intake among preschool children and its effect on weight status. Pediatrics 2006; 118(4): e1010-e1018 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0298
  31. Nicklas TA, O'Neil CE, Kleinman R. Association between 100% juice consumption and nutrient intake and weight of children aged 2 to 11 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008; 162(6): 557-565 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.162.6.557
  32. Park SI, Bae SY. A study on elementary students' milk intake at home and school in Seoul area. Korean J Dietary Culture 1999; 14(4): 361-369
  33. 한국소비자보호원 식의약안전팀, 초.중학생의 카페인 함유 음료 (커피) 섭취실태 조사. 서울; 2002
  34. Kim JH. The improvement plan and status on children's favorite foods such as carbonated drinks etc. Food Industry and Nutrition 2006; 11(2): 55-58
  35. Subar AF, Krebs-Smith SM, Cook A, Kahle LL. Dietary sources of nutrients among US children, 1989-1991. Pediatrics 1998; 102 (4): 913-923 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.4.913
  36. Troiano RP, Briefel RR, Carroll MD, Bialostosky K. Energy and fat intakes of children and adolescents in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72(suppl): 1343S-1353S https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1343s
  37. Rangan AM, Randall D, Hector DJ, Gill TP, Webb KL. Consumption of 'extra' foods by Australian children:types, quantities and contribution to energy and nutrient intakes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008; 62(3): 356-364 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602720
  38. Adair LS, Popkin BM. Are child eating patterns being transformed globally? Obes Res 2005; 13: 1281-1299 https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.153
  39. Lambert N, Plumb J, Loouse B, Johnson IT, Harvey I, Wheeler C, Robinson M, Rolfe P. Using smart card technology to monitor the eating habits of children in a school cafeteria: 3. The nutritional significance of beverage and dessert choices. J Hum Nutr Dietet 2005; 18: 271-279 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2005.00619.x
  40. Kranz S, Lin PJ, Wagstaff DA. Children's dairy intake in the United States: too little, too fat? J Pediatr 2007; 151: 642-646 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.067
  41. Barba G, Troiano E, Russo P, Venezia A, Siani A. Inverse association between body mass and frequency of milk consumption in children. Br J Nutr 2005; 93: 15-19 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041300
  42. Skinner JD, Bounds W, Carruth BR, Ziegler P. Longitudinal calcium intake is negatively related to children's body fat indexes. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103: 1626-1631 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2003.09.018
  43. Zemel MB. The role of dairy foods in weight management. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 24(6): 537S-546S https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2005.10719502
  44. Zemel MB. Role of calcium and dairy products in energy partitioning and weight management. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79(suppl): 907S-912S https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.5.907S
  45. Papakonstantinou E, Flatt WP, Huth PJ, Harris RB. High dietary calcium reduces body fat content, digestibility of fat, and serum vitamin D in rats. Obes Res 2003; 11(3): 387-394 https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.52
  46. Boon N, Hul GBJ, Stegen JHCH, Sluijsmans WEM, Valle C, Langin D, Viguerie N, Saris WHM. An intervention study of the effects of calcium intake on faecal fat excretion, energy metabolism and adipose tissue mRNA expression of lipid-metabolism related proteins. Int J Obes 2007; 31: 1704-1712 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803660
  47. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SLL. Relation between consumption of sugar-aweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 2001; 357: 505-508 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04041-1
  48. Dennison BA, Rockwell HL, Baker SL. Excess fruit juice consumption by preschool-aged children is associated with short stature and obesity. Pediatrics 1997; 99(1): 15-22
  49. Dennison BA, Rockwell HL, Nichols MJ, Jenkins P. Children's growth parameters vary by type of fruit juice consumed. J Am Coll Nutr 1999; 18(4): 346-352 https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1999.10718874
  50. Berkey CS, Rockett HRH, Field AE, Gillman MW, Colditz GA. sweetened beverages and adolescent weight change. Obes Res 2004; 12(5): 778-788 https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.94
  51. Newby PK, Peterson KE, Berkey CS, Leppert J, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Beverage consumption is not associated with changes in weight and body mass index among low-income preschool children in North Dakota. J Am Diet Assoc 2004; 104: 1086-1094 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2004.04.020
  52. Gibson S, Neate D. Sugar intake, soft drink consumption and body weight among British children: further analysis of National Diet and Nutrition Survey data with adjustment for under-reporting and physical activity. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2007; 58(6): 445-460 https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480701288363
  53. Rajeshwari R, Yang SJ, Nicklas TA, Berenson GS. Secular trends in children's sweetened-beverage consumption (1973 to 1994): The Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105: 208-214 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2004.11.026