Effect of Heat Treatment Conditions on the Characteristics of Gel Made from Arrowroot Starch in Korea Cultivars

국내산 칡 전분 젤 특성에 미치는 가열처리 조건의 영향

  • Lee, Seog-Won (Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Yuhan University) ;
  • Kim, Hyo-Won (Graduate School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Korea University) ;
  • Han, Sung-Hee (Dept. of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kinki University) ;
  • Rhee, Chul (Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University)
  • 이석원 (유한대학 식품영양과) ;
  • 김효원 (고려대학교 생명환경과학대학원) ;
  • 한성희 (킨키대학교 응용생명화학과) ;
  • 이철 (고려대학교 식품공학부)
  • Published : 2009.09.30

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of starch concentrations and heating conditions on the gel characteristics of arrowroot starch. Arrowroot starch gels with various pHs, and starch concentrations, were prepared using different temperatures and heating times, and then stored for 24 hrs at $4^{\circ}C$. The hardness of sample gels made at pH 2.0 and 4.0 increased as the starch concentration increased from 7% to 10%, with the maximum value of 94 N being obtained when the gel was prepared at pH 4.0 with a starch concentration of 10%. The maximum hardness of samples prepared with concentrations of starch ranging from 7~9% appeared at $80^{\circ}C$, regardless of the heating temperature and time. Furthermore, the hardness of samples prepared at greater than $100^{\circ}C$ was relatively lower than that of samples prepared at other temperatures. When a starch concentration of 8% was used, the degree of gelatinization(DR) increased as the heating temperature increased, with the maximum value of DR being about 76% at $120^{\circ}C$, regardless of heating time. After storage for 24 hrs, the hardness of samples prepared at $70^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$ appeared to decrease, while that of samples prepared at $100^{\circ}C$, $110^{\circ}C$ and $120^{\circ}C$ increased. The correlation between hardness and the degree of gelatinization or retrogradation was very high when samples were prepared at $80^{\circ}C$ with a starch concentration of 9%, as indicated by a correlation coefficient of greater than 0.95. Overall, the microstructures of freeze-dried arrowroot starch gel were composed of a continuous network of amylose and amylopectin with fragmented ghost structures in an excluded phase, but these ghost structures were more evident after storage and with increased heating temperature.

본 연구는 칡 전분 젤의 제조 조건에 따른 젤의 특성을 알아보기 위하여 여러 가지 pH(2.0, 4.0, 7.0 및 10.0)와 칡 전분 농도 (7%, 8% 및 9%), 가열조건($70^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $90^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, $110^{\circ}C$$120^{\circ}C$) 및 가열시간(10 min, 20 min 및 30 min)을 달리하여 칡 전분 젤을 제조하여 초기의 특성(강도, 호화도, 미세구조)과 24시간 저장한 후의 특성을 측정하고 이를 비교 분석하였다. pH 2.0 및 7%의 조건에서는 젤이 형성되지 않았으며, 그 외의 농도에서는 pH 2.0에서 최소의 강도를 나타내었으며, pH 4.0과 10%의 조건에서 최대값(약 94 N)을 보였다. pH 7.0과 10.0에서는 전분 농도가 7%에서 9%까지는 농도 증가에 따라 젤 강도가 증가하였으나, 10%의 경우에는 오히려 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 그리고 여러 가지 가열조건에서 7%, 8% 및 9%의 칡 전분 농도로 제조한 시료의 경우 가열온도 및 가열시간에 관계없이 $80^{\circ}C$에서 제조된 젤이 가장높은 강도(hardness)를 나타내었으며, 상대적으로 $100^{\circ}C$ 이상의 높은 농도에서 제조된 젤의 강도의 값이 작았다. $70^{\circ}C$$80^{\circ}C$에서는 가열시간이 길어질수록 젤의 강도가 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, $90^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서는 가열시간이 길어 질수록 젤의 강도가 감소하였다. 그리고 24시간 저장한 후의 젤의 강도는 $100^{\circ}C$ 미만의 온도에서는 저장 전보다 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, $100^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 오히려 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 젤의 호화도는 가열온도 및 시간이 증가할수록 전분 농도에 관계없이 증가하였으며, $80^{\circ}C$와 9%에서 제조한 젤의 강도와 호화도가 높은 상관성(r > 0.95)을 보였다. 한편, 젤의 미세구조는 그물망 구조로 저장 후 빈 공간이 더욱 뚜렷한 구조(ghost structure)로 변화되는 양상을 나타내었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Alejandra GA, Antonio JA, Nuria MC, Laura B, Fulgencio SC. 1999. Assessment of some parameters involed in the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch. Food Chem 66:181-187 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00261-1
  2. AOAC. 1984. Official Methods of Analysis, 14th ed. Method No. 22-058, Association of official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC. USA
  3. Aoki M, Tani Y. 1977. Chemical and physical properties of bracken and arrowroot starches. J Home Econ Jap 26:249-251
  4. Cha HS, Kim K, Kim SK. 1984. Modification of physicochemical properties of arrowroot starch by heat moisture treatment. J Korean Agric Chem Soc 27:252-258
  5. Choi OJ, Shin MS, Chough SH, 2000. Viscosity properties of corn, potato and sweet potato starch according to pH. Korean J Hum Ecol 3:88-99
  6. Ciacco CF, D'Appolonia BL. 1977. Characterization of starches from various tubers and their uses in breadmaking. Cereal Chem 54:1096-1107
  7. Ciacco CF, Fernades JLA. 1979. Effect of various ions on the kinetics of retrogradation of concentrated wheat starch gels. Starch 31:51-53 https://doi.org/10.1002/star.19790310205
  8. Gidley MJ. 1989. Molecular mechanisms underlying amylase aggregation and gelation. Macromolecules 22:351-358 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00191a064
  9. Hormdok R, Noomhorm A. 2007. Hydrothermal treatments of rice starch for improvement of rice noodle quality. LWT-Food Sci Technol 40:1723-1731 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.12.017
  10. Kim K, Yoon HK, Kim SK. 1984. Physicochemical and rheological properties of arrowroot starch. J Korean Agric Chem Soc 27:245-252
  11. Kim K, Yoon HK, Kim SK. 1985. Determination of degree of gelatinization of arrowroot starch. J Korean Agric Chem Soc 28:48-50
  12. Kim K, Yoon HK, Kim SK, Lee SY. 1986. Rheological properties of arrowroot starch suspension. Korean J Food Sci Technol 18:114-117
  13. Kim K, Yoon HK, Kim SH, Lee SY. 1987. Rheological properties of gelatinized arrowroot statch solution. Korean J Food Sci Technol 19:300-304
  14. Kuhm H, Lim JH, Lee EJ, Chang KS. 2004. Rheological properties of gamma irradiated arrowroot starch. Korean J Food Sci Technol 36:740-743
  15. Lai HM. 2001. Effects of hydrothermal treatment on the physicochemical properties of pregelatinized rice flour. Food Chem 72:455-463 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00261-2
  16. Lee TW, Lee YH, Yoo MS, Rhee KS. 1991. Instrumental and sensory characteristics of jelly. Korean J Food Sci Technol 23:336-340
  17. Lee SY, Kim K, Kim SK, Yoon HK. 1987. Rheological properties of gelatinized arrowroot starch solution. Korean J Food Sci Technol 19:300-304
  18. Lee YE, Osman EM. 1991. Factors affecting gelatinization temperature of rice starch. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 20:646-652
  19. Lii CY, Shao YY, Tseng KH. 1995. Gelation mechanism and rheological properties of rice starch. Cereal Chem 72:393-400
  20. Lorenz K, Kulp K. 1982. Cereal and root starch modification by heat-moisture treatment. I. Physicochemical properties. Starch 34:50-54 https://doi.org/10.1002/star.19820340205
  21. Miles MJ, Morris VJ, Orford PD, Ring SD. 1985. The roles of amylase and amylopectin on the gelation and retrogradation of starch. Carbohyd Resour 135:271-281 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(00)90778-X
  22. Oh MJ, Lee WY, Lee KS. 1988. Purification and some properties of polyphenol oxidase from arrowroot. J Sci Food Agric 31:331-338
  23. Oh MJ, Lee KS, Son HY, Kim SY. 1990. Antioxidative components of pueraria root. Korean J Food Sci Technol 22:793-798
  24. Park JH, Na HS, Kang KJ, Kim K, Kim SK. 1998. Comparison of physicochemical properties of arrowroot starches harvested in different time. Korean J Food Sci Technol 30:97-102
  25. Suzuki A, Hizukuri S, Takeda Y. 1981. Physicochemical studies of Kuzu starch. Cereal Chem 58:286-290
  26. Tester RF, Morrison WR. 1990. Swelling and gelatinization of cereal starch. II Waxy rice starches. Cereal Chem 67:558-563
  27. Tsuge H, Hishida M, Iwaski H, Watanabe S, Goshim G. 1990. Enzymatic evaluation for the degree of stach retrogradation in foods and foodstuffs. Starch 42:213-216 https://doi.org/10.1002/star.19900420603
  28. Vandeputte GE, Vermeylen R, Geeroms J, Delcour JA. 2003a. Rice starches. I Structural aspects provide insight into crystallinity characteristics and gelatinization behaviour of granular starch. J Cereal Sci 38:43-52 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-5210(02)00140-6
  29. Vandeputte GE, Vermeylen R, Geeroms J, Delcour JA. 2003b. Rice starches. II Structural aspects provide insight into swelling and pasting properties. J Cereal Sci 38:53-59 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-5210(02)00141-8
  30. Vandeputte GE, Vermeylen R, Geeroms J, Delcour JA. 2003c. Rice starchs.III Structural aspects provide insight in amylopectin retrogradation properties and gel texture. J Cereal Sci 38:61-68 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-5210(02)00142-X
  31. Williams PC, Kuzina FD, Hlynka I. 1970. A rapid colorimetric procedure for estimating the amylose content of starches and flours. Cereal Chem 47:411-419
  32. Wootton M, Bamunuarachchi A. 1980. Application of differential scanning calorimetry to starch gelatinization. Starch 31:126-129