State of the Art on Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drives

  • Singh, Bhim (Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology) ;
  • Singh, Sanjeev (Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology)
  • Published : 2009.01.20

Abstract

Permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motors are the latest choice of researchers due to their high efficiency, silent operation, compact size, high reliability and low maintenance requirements. These motors are preferred for numerous applications; however, most of them require sensorless control of these motors. The operation of PMBLDC motors requires rotor-position sensing for controlling the winding currents. The sensorless control would need estimation of rotor position from the voltage and current signals, which are easily sensed. This paper presents state of the art PMBLDC motor drives with an emphasis on sensorless control of these motors.

Keywords

References

  1. T. Kenjo and S. Nagamori, Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motors, Clarendon Press, oxford, 1985
  2. J. M. D. Murphy and F. G. Turnbull, "Power Electronic Control of AC Motors", Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988
  3. G. K. Dubey, "Power Semiconductor Controlled Drives", Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1989
  4. T. J. E. Miller, Brushless Permanent Magnet and Reluctance Motor Drive, Clarendon Press, oxford, 1989
  5. T. J. Sokira and W. Jaffe, Brushless DC Motors: Electronic Commutation and Control, Tab Books USA, 1989
  6. Y. Dote and S. Kinoshita, Brushless Servomotors - Fundamentals and Applications, Clarendon Press, oxford, 1990
  7. Y. Dote, Servo Motor and Motion Control using Digital Signal Processors, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1990
  8. J. R. Hendershort Jr and T. J. E. Miller, Design of Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motors, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994
  9. D. C. Hanselman, Brushless Permanent Magnet Motor Design, McGraw hill, New York, 1994
  10. B. K Bose, Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives, Technology and Applications, IEEE Press, 1997
  11. C. M. Ong, Dynamic Simulation of Electric Machinery using MATLAB / SIMULINK, Prentice Hall USA, 1998
  12. I. Bolden and S. A. Nasar, Electric Drives, CRC Press, New York, 1998
  13. R. Krishnan, Electric Motor Drives: Modeling, Analysis and Control, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2001
  14. J. F. Gieras and M. Wing, Permanent Magnet Motor Technology - Design and Application, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2002
  15. J. F. Gieras, R. J. Wang and M. J. Kamper, Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless Machines, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 2004
  16. B. Singh, "Recent advances in permanent magnet brushless DC motors", Sadhana, Vol. 22, Part 6, pp. 837-853, Dec. 1997 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02745848
  17. J. P. Johnson, M. Ehsani and Y. Giizelgiinler, "Review of sensorless methods for brushless DC", in Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Conf, Vol. 1, pp. 143-150, 1999
  18. T. H. Kim, H. W. Lee and M. Ehsani, "State of the art and future trends in position sensorless brushless DC motor/generator drives", in Proc. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Conf, pp. 1718-1725, 2005
  19. D. Montesinos, S. Galceran, F. Blaabjerg, A. Sudria and O. Gomis, "Sensorless control of PM synchronous motors and brushless DC motors - an overview and evaluation", in Proc. European Conf Power Electronics and Applications, pp. 1-10, 2005
  20. P. P. Acamley and J. F. Watson, "Review of position sensorless operation of brushless permanent magnet machines", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 53, No.2, pp. 352-361, April 2006 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2006.870868
  21. B. Singh, B. P. Singh and S. K. Dwivedi, "A state of art on different configurations of permanent magnet brushless machines", IE (I) Journal- EL, Vol. 78, pp. 63-73, June 2006
  22. ML4425 Sensorless BLDC Motor Controller, Product Specification, Micro Linear, 2000
  23. ML4425 Sensorless BLDC Motor Controller, Product Specification, Fairchild Semiconductor, 2001
  24. C. L. Puttaswamy, "Analysis, Design and Control of Permanent magnet Brushless Motors," PhD. Thesis, IIT Delhi, 1996
  25. S Anantha, "Dedicated Controller for Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drive" M.Tech. Thesis, IIT Delhi, 1997
  26. Sunita Singh, "DSP based Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor Drive", M.Tech. Thesis, IIT Delhi, 1998
  27. Kavita Jain, "Implementation DSP based Digital Speed controller for Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor", M.Tech. Thesis, IIT Delhi, 1999
  28. J. Shao, "Direct back EMF detection method for sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives", Diploma Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and the State Univ., 20
  29. M. Kumar, "Analysis and Control of Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor Drives", PhD. Thesis, IIT Delhi, 2005
  30. S. K. Dwivedi, "Power Quality Improvements and Sensor Reductions in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Drives", PhD. Thesis, IIT Delhi, 2006
  31. H. T. Kawaji and M. R. White, "Low voltage start up circuit for brushless DC motors", U.S. Patent 6741049 B2, May 25, 2004
  32. X. Junnan and M. Konno, "Brushless direct current monophase motor drive circuit", U.S. Patent 6933688 B2, Aug. 23, 2005
  33. X. Junnan, M. Konno and S. Yamamoto, "Drive circuit for brushless DC fan motor", U.S. Patent 7091681 B2, Aug. 15, 2006
  34. J. X. Lee, "Brushless de fan motor driving circuit", U.S. Patent 7177124 B2, Feb. 13, 2007
  35. J. L. Lassen, "Sensorless control of two phase brushless de motor", U.S. Patent 7183734 B2, Feb. 27, 2007
  36. C. C. Chan, "Axial field electrical machines -design and applications", IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., Vol. 2, No.2, pp. 294-300, June 1987 https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.1987.4765844
  37. M. M. Elmissiry and S. Chari, "Performance of toroidal stator, axial flux brushless DC motor under dynamic conditions of operation", in Proc. lEE ICEMD'93, pp. 612-618, 1993
  38. F. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini, E. Fedeli and G. Noioa, "Design and construction of a wheel-directly-coupled axial-flux PM motor prototype for Evs", in Proc. IEEE-lAS Conf, pp. 254-261, 1994
  39. D. Patterson and R. Spee, "The design and development of an axial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor for wheel drive in a solar powered vehicle", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 31, No.5, pp. 1054-1060, Sep., 1995 https://doi.org/10.1109/28.464519
  40. F. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini and A.D. Napoli, "Prototype of innovative wheel direct drive with water-cooled axial-flux PM motor for electric vehicle applications", in Proc IEEE APEC, pp. 764 -770, 1996
  41. F. Caricchi, F Crescimbini, F. Mezzetti and E. Santini, "Multistage axial flux PM machine for direct wheel drive", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 32, No.4, pp. 882-888, July 1996 https://doi.org/10.1109/28.511645
  42. L. Soderlund, A. Koski, H. Vihriala, J.T. Eriksson and R.Perala, "Design of an axial flux permanent magnet wind power generator", in Proc. lEE ICEMD, pp. 224 -228, 1997
  43. F. Profumo, Z. Zhang and A. Tenconi, "Axial flux machines drives: A new viable solution for electric cars", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 44, No.1, pp. 39-45, Feb. 1997 https://doi.org/10.1109/41.557497
  44. F. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini and O. Honorati, "Low cost compact permanent magnet machine for adjustable speed pump application", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 34, No.1, pp. 109-116, Jan./Feb.l998 https://doi.org/10.1109/28.658730
  45. E. Muljadi, C. P. Butterfield and W. Yih-Huie, "Axial-flux modular permanent-magnet generator with a toroidal winding for wind-turbine applications", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 35, No.4, pp. 831 -836, July 1999 https://doi.org/10.1109/28.777191
  46. F. Caricchi, F.Crescimbini and O. Honorati, "Modular, axial-flux, permanent-magnet motor for ship propulsion drives", IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., Vol. 14, No.3, pp. 673-679, Sep. 1999 https://doi.org/10.1109/60.790934
  47. F. Profumo, F. J. Eastham, A. Tenconi, and G. Gianolio, "Plastic electric motors: a viable solution for axial flux machines", in Proc. IEEE International Sympo. Ind. Electron., Vol. 1, pp. 1-10, 2002
  48. O. Ronghai, M. Aydin and T. A. Lipo, "Performance comparison of dual-rotor radial-flux and axial-flux permanent-magnet BLDC machines", in Proc. IEEE IEMDC, pp.1948-1954, 2003
  49. N. Matsui, "Sensorless PM brushless DC motor drive", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 43, No.2, pp. 300-308, April 1996 https://doi.org/10.1109/41.491354
  50. T. Takeshita and N. Matsui, "Sensorless control and initial position estimation of salient-pole brushless DC motor", in Proc. International Workshop Advanced Motion Control, Vol. 1, pp. 18-23, 1996
  51. J. P. Johnson and M. Ehsani "Sensorless brushless DC control using a current waveform anomaly", in Proc. IEEE lAS Conf., Vol. 1, pp.151-158, 1999
  52. Z. Chen, M. Tomita, S. Doki and S. Okuma, "New adaptive sliding observers for position-and velocity-sensorless controls of brushless DC motors", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 47, No.3, pp.582-591, June 2000 https://doi.org/10.1109/41.847899
  53. D. H. Jung and I. J. Ha, "Low-cost sensorless control of brushless DC motors using a frequency-independent phase shifter", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 15, No.4, pp. 744-752, July 2000 https://doi.org/10.1109/63.849045
  54. S. Shan, L. Quingfu, X. Wie, and W. Xinghua, "A novel starting method for the sensorless salient-pole brushless DC motor", in Proc. ICEMS, Vol. 2, pp. 895-897, 2001
  55. G. H. Jang, J. H. Park and J. H. Chang, "Position detection and start-up algorithm of a rotor in a sensorless BLDC motor utilising inductance variation", lEE Proc -Elec. Power Appl, Vol. 149, No.2, pp. 137-142, March 2002 https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20020022
  56. S.G. Han and A.C Renfrew, "Sensorless torque vector speed control of a brushless DC motor", in Proc. IEEE Conf Power Electron., Machines and Drives, pp.510-514, 2002
  57. K. H. Kim and M. J. Youn, "Performance comparison of PWM inverter and variable DC link inverter schemes for high-speed sensorless control of BLDC motor", Electronics Letters, Vol. 38, No. 21, pp. 1194-1295, Oct. 2002 https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20020786
  58. T. H. Kim, B. K. Lee and M. Ehsani, "Sensorless control of the BLDC motors from near zero to high speed", in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf and Expo., Vol. 1, pp. 306-312, 2003
  59. J. X. Shen, Z. Q. Zhu and D. Howe, "Sensorless flux-weakening control of permanent magnet brushless machines using third-harmonic back-EMF", in Proc. IEEE IEMDC, Vol. 2, pp.1229-1235, 2003
  60. J. H. Jang, S. K. Sui and Y. C. Son "Current measurement issues in sensorless control algorithm using high frequency signal injection method", in Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Conf, Vol. 2, pp. 1134-1141,2003
  61. T. H. Kim and M. Ehsani, "An error analysis of the sensorless position estimation for BLDC motors," in Proc. of IEEE Industry Applications Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 611-617, 2003
  62. M. Tursini, R. Petrella and F. Parasiliti, "Initial rotor position estimation method for PM motors", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 39, No.6, pp. 1630-1640, Nov.lDec. 2003 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2003.818977
  63. G. J. Su and J. W. McKeever, "Low-cost sensorless control of brushless DC motors with improved speed range", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 19, No.2, pp. 296-302, March 2004 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2003.823174
  64. Y. S. Lai, F. S. Shyu and Y. H. Chang, "Novel sensorless PWM controlled BLDCM Drives without using position and current sensors, Filter and center tap voltage", in Proc. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Conf, Vol. 3, pp.2138-2143, 2003
  65. Y. S. Lai, F. S. Shyu and Y. H. Chang, "Novel sensorless PWM controlled BLDCM drives without using position and current sensors, Filter and center tap voltage", in Proc. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Conf, Vol. 3, pp. 2144-2149, 2003
  66. Y. Amano, T. Tsuji, A. Takahashi, S. Ouchi, K. Hamatsu and M. Iijima, "A sensorless drive system for brushless dc motors using a digital phase-locked loop", Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 142, No.1, pp. 57-66, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1002/eej.10074
  67. K. Y. Cheng and Y. Y. Tzou, "Design of a sensorless commutation IC for BLDC motors", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 18, No.6, pp. 1365-1375, Nov. 2003 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2003.818867
  68. W. J. Lee and S. K. Sui, "A New Starting Method of BLDC Motors without Position Sensor", in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 2397-2402, 2004
  69. T. H. Kim and M. Ehsani, "Sensorless control of the BLDC motors from near-zero to high speeds", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 19, No.6, pp. 1635-1645, Nov. 2004 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2004.836625
  70. H. W. Lee, T. Kim and M. Ehsani, "Performance improvement of the linear BLDC generator in a deep space explorer", in Proc. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Conf, pp. 247-2501, 2004
  71. H. W. Lee, T. Kim and M. Ehsani, "Performance improvement of the linear BLDC generator in a deep space explorer", in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., Vol. 4, pp. 2627-2631, 2004
  72. J. X. Shen, Z. Q. Zhu and D. Howe, "Sensorless flux-weakening control of permanent-magnet brushless machines using third harmonic back EMF", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 40, No.6, pp. 1629-1636, Nov./Dec. 2004 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2004.836157
  73. C. G. Kim, J. H. Lee, H. W. Kim and M. J. Youn, "Study on maximum torque generation for sensorless controlled brushlcss DC motor with trapezoidal back EMF", lEE, Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 152, No.2, pp. 277-291, March 2005 https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20041228
  74. J. Shao and D. Nolan, "Further improvement of direct back EMF detection for sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives", in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf. and Expo., Vol. 2, pp. 933-937, 2005
  75. X. Yunxiang, Z. Ping and N. Haiqing, "A study on high frequency signal injection method of aiming at detecting the rotor position of the salient-pole brushless DC motor", in Proc. International Conf Electrical Machines and Sys.,Vol. 3, pp. 2369-2372, 2005
  76. C. H. Chen and M. Y. Cheng, "A new sensorless control scheme for brushless DC motors without phase shift circuit", in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. and Drives Sys. Conf, pp.1084-1089, 2005
  77. H. Qingxin and L. Hui "DSP control system of brushless DC motor without position sensor", in Proc. IEEE Conf. Electrical Machines and Systems, Vol. 1
  78. Y. Kang, S. B. Lee and J. Yoo, "A microcontroller embedded AD converter based low cost sensorless technique for brushless DC motor drives", in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Conf, Vol. 4, pp. 2176-2181, 2005
  79. Y. Liu, Z. Q. Zhu and D. Howe, "Instantaneous torque estimation in sensorless direct-torque-controlled brushless DC motors", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 42, No.5, pp. 1275-1283, Sep.-Oct., 2006 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2006.880854
  80. B. G. Park, T.S.Kim, I.S. Ryu and D.S. Hyun, "Fuzzy back-EMF observer for improving performance of sensorless brushless DC motor drive", in Proc. Applied Power Electronics Conf. and Expo., pp. 674-678, 2006
  81. M. Kumar, B. Singh and B.P. Singh, "Reversible permanent magnet brushless dc motor drive without mechanical sensors", International Journal of Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 27, No.4, pp. 346-352, 2007
  82. R. Krishnan and S. Lee, "PM brushless DC motor drive with a new power-converter topology", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 33, No.4, pp. 973-982, Jul./Aug., 1997 https://doi.org/10.1109/28.605739
  83. R. Krishnan, "A novel single-switch-per-phase converter topology for four-quadrant pm brushless dc motor drive", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 33, No.5, pp. 1154-1161, Sep./Oct.,1997 https://doi.org/10.1109/28.633791
  84. F. Blaabjerg, J. K. Pedersen, U. Jaeger and P. Thoegersen "Single current sensor technique in thc DC link of three-phase PWM-VS inverters: a review and a novel solution", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 33, No.5, pp. 1241-1253, Sep./Oct., 1997 https://doi.org/10.1109/28.633802
  85. R. Krishnan and P. Vijayraghavan, "A new power converter topology for PM Brushless dc motor drives", in Proc.IEEE IECON, Vol. 2, pp. 709-714,1998
  86. F. Blaabjerg, D. O. Neacsu and J. K. Pedersen, "Adaptive SVM to compensate DC-link voltage ripple for four-switch three-phase voltage-source inverters", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 14, No.4, pp.743-752, July 1999 https://doi.org/10.1109/63.774214
  87. Bhim Singh, S S Murthy and A H N Reddy, "A Micro controller Based Speed Controller for Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor", IETE Technical Review, Vol. 17, No.5, pp. 299-310, Scp.-Oct., 2000 https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2000.11416919
  88. Bhim Singh, AHN Reddy and S S Murthy, "Hybrid Fuzzy Logic Proportional plus Conventional Integral- Derivative Controller for Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor", in Proc. IEEE ICIT, pp. 185-191,2000
  89. F. L. Luo and H. G. Yeo, "Advanced PM brushless DC motor control & system for electric vehicles", in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1336-1343, 2000
  90. B. K. Lee and M. Ehsani, "Advanced BLDC motor drive for low cost and high performance propulsion system in electric and hybrid vehicles", in Proc. IEEE Electric Machines and Drives Conf, pp. 246-251, 2001
  91. B. K. Lee, T. H. Kim and M. Ehsani, "On the feasibility of four-switch three-phase BLDC motor drives for low cost commercial applications: topology and control", in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf. and Expo., Vol. 1, pp. 428-433, 2001
  92. S. P. Waikar, H. A. Toliyat, A. S. B. Thunya, Z. Zhang and J. C. Morcira, "A novel thyristor-based brushless DC motor drive for low cost applications", in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electron. Conf and Expo., Vol. 1, pp. 434-439, 2001
  93. K. H. Kim and M. J. Y oun, "DSP-based high-speed sensorless control for a brushless DC motor using a DC link voltage control", Electric Power Components and Sys., Vol. 30, pp. 889-906, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1080/15325000290085190
  94. S. M. Madani, H. Lei and H. A. Toliyat, "A low-cost four-switch BLDC motor drive with active power factor correction," in Proc. IEEE Annual Ind. Electron. Soc. Conf., Vol. 1, pp. 579-584, 2002
  95. R. Khopkar, S. M. Madani, M. Hajiaghajani and H. A. Toliyat, "A low-cost BLDC motor drive using buck-boost converter for residential and commercial applications", in Proc. IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conf., Vol. 2, pp. 1251-1257, 2003
  96. Bhim Singh, SS Murthy, BP Singh, M Kumar and S Anantha, "A low Cost Analog Controller for Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor Drive System", IE(I) Journal-EL, Vol. 83, pp. 296-301, March 2003
  97. Bhim Singh, B.P. Singh and K Jain, "Implementation of DSP Based Digital Speed Controller for Permanent Magnet Brushless dc Motor", IE(I) Journal-EL, Vol. 84, pp. 16-21, June 2003
  98. Bhim Singh, AHN Reddy and S S Murthy, "Gain Scheduling Control of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor", IE(I) Journal-EL, Vol. 84, pp. 52-62, Sep., 2003
  99. T. Gopalarathnam and H. A. Toliyat, "A new topology for unipolar brushless dc motor drive with high power factor", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 18, No.6, pp. 1397-1404, Nov. 2003 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2003.818873
  100. C. T. Lin, C. W. Hung and C. W. Liu, "Sensorless control for four-switch three-phase brushless DC motor drives", in Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Conf., Vol. 4, pp. 2048-2053, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.2006.256817
  101. A. H. Niasar, H. Moghbeli and A. Vahedi, "A novel sensorless control method for four-switch, brushless dc motor drive without using any $30^{\circ}$ phase shifter", in Proc. IEEE Conf Elect. Machines and Sys., pp. 408-413, 2007
  102. C. T. Lin, C. W. Hung and C. W. Liu, "Position sensorless control for four-switch three-phase brushless dc motor drives", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 23, No.1, pp. 438-444, Jan., 2008 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2007.911782
  103. P. S. Frederiksen, J. Birk and F. Blaabjerg, "Comparison of two energy optimizing techniques for PM-machines", in Proc. IECON, Vol. 1, pp. 32-37, 1994
  104. A. M. Tuckey and D. J. Patterson, "The design and development of a high power factor current source controller for small appliance brushless DC motors", in Proc. IEEE APEC, Vol. 2, pp. 778-781,1996
  105. V K Sharma, M A Khan, B Singh and S S Murthy, "Comparison of power quality aspects of switched reluctance and permanent magnet brushless DC motor", in Proc. IEEE TENCON, Vo1.3, pp. III-300-III-333, 2000
  106. Bhim Singh, B.P. Singh and M Kumar, "PFC converter fed PMBLDC motor drive for air conditioning", IE(I) Journal-EL, Vol. 84, pp. 22-27, June 2003
  107. B. Singh, SS Murthy, BP Singh and M. Kumar, "Improved power quality converter fed permanent magnet AC motor for air conditioning", Electric Power System Research, Vol. 65, No.3, pp 239-245, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7796(03)00022-1
  108. B. Singh, B. P. Singh and S. Dwivedi, "Improved power quality converter fed direct torque controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor drive", in Proc. IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Ind. Conf., pp. 261-266, 2004
  109. B. Singh, B. P. Singh and S. Dwivedi, "AC-DC boost bridge converter for power quality improvement of vector controlled PMSM drive", in Proc. NPEC, pp. 245-254, 2005
  110. J. W. Kimball, P. T. Krein and Y. Chen, "Hysteresis and delta modulation control of converters using sensorless current mode", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 1154-1158, July 2006 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2006.879051
  111. B. Singh, B. P. Singh and S. Dwivedi, "Active wave shaping of AC mains current in direct torque controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor drive", International Journal Energy Tech. and Policy., Vol. 4, No. 112, pp. 179-204, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1504/IJETP.2006.008547
  112. A. Barkley, D. Michaud, E. Santi, A. Monti and D. Patterson, "Single stage brushless DC motor drive with high input power factor for single phase applications", in Proc.IEEE PESC, pp. 1-10, 2006
  113. L. E. Unnewehr, P. Piatkowski and G. Giardini, "A brushless DC motor for vehicular AC/heater applications", in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Tech. Conf, Vol. 26, pp. 8-15, 1976
  114. G. Amaratunga and P. Mclaren, "Permanent magnet generators for aerospace applications: optimization of power to weight ratio", in Proc. IEE-ICEM, pp. 335-339
  115. R. M. Crowder, "The application and control of brushless DC motors in high power robotic joints", in Proc. lEE PEVSD, pp. 253-257, 1988
  116. C L Putta Swamy, Bhim Singh, B P Singh and S S Murthy, "Experimental Investigations on a Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor fed by PV Array for Water Pumping System", in Proc. IEEE IECEC, pp. 1663-1668, 1996
  117. M. Ehsani, K. M. Rahman and H. A. Toliyat, "Propulsion system design of electric and hybrid vehicles", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 44, No.1, pp. 19-27, Feb., 1997 https://doi.org/10.1109/41.557495
  118. C L Putta Swamy, Bhim Singh, B P Singh and S S Murthy, "Experimental Investigations on a Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Fed by a PV Array for a Water Pumping System", ASME-Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 122, pp. 129-132, Aug., 2000 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1288596
  119. B. K. Lee and M. Ehsani, "Advanced BLDC motor drive for low cost and high performance propulsion system in electric and hybrid vehicles", in Proc. IEEE Electric Machines and Drives Conf, pp. 246-251, 2001
  120. Z. Wu, J. Wang, J. Ying and J. Zeng, "Sensorless brushless DC motor drive for air-conditioner compressor", in Proc. Fifth Int. Conf Electrical Machines and Systems, Vol. 2, pp. 968-971,2001
  121. G. J. Su, J. W. McKeever and K. S. Samons "Modular PM motor drives for automotive traction applications", in Proc. IECON, Vol. 1, pp. 119-124,2001
  122. R. J. Hill-Cottingham, P. C. Coles, J. F. Eastham, F. Profumo, A. Tenconi and G. Gianolio, "Novel axial flux machine for aircraft propeller drive: design and modeling", IEEE Trans. Magnetics., Vol. 38, No.5, pp. 3003-3005, Sep.,2002 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2002.803186
  123. A. Lelkes, J. Krotsch and R. W. De-Doncke, "Low-noise external rotor BLDC motor for fan applications", in Proc. IEEE Annual lAS Conf, Vol. 3, pp. 2036-2042, 2002
  124. J. W. Ahn, H. S. Song and D. H. Lee "Brushless DC motor drive for tread mill application", in Proc. IEEE Electric Machines and Drives Conf., Vol. 1, pp. 360-364, 2003
  125. J. Shao, D. Nolan, M. Teissier and D. Swanson, "A novel microcontroller-based sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive for automotive fuel pumps", IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., Vol. 39, No.6, pp. 1734-1740, Nov.lDec. 2003 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2003.818973
  126. D. Jones, "A new buried magnet brushless PM motor for a traction application", in Proc. Electrical Insulation Conf and Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Technology Conf, pp. 421-429, 2003
  127. K. Y. Cho, S. B. Yang and C. H. Hong, "Sensorless control of a PM synchronous motor for direct drive washer without rotor position sensors", lEE Proc.-Elect. Power Appl., Vol. 151, No.1, pp. 61-69, Jan. 2004 https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20031005
  128. P. He, M. H. Jin, L. Yang, R. Wei, Y. W. Liu, H. G. Cai, H. Liu, N. Seitz, J. Butterfass, and G. Hirzinger, "High performance DSP/FPGA controller for implementation of HlT/DLR dexterous robot hand", in Proc. IEEE Robotics & Automation Conf., pp. 3397-3402, 2004
  129. A. Lelkes, and M. Bufe, "BLDC motor for fan application with automatically optimized commutation angle", in Proc. IEEE PESC, Vol. 3, pp. 2277-2281, 2004
  130. J. U. Chu, I. H. Moon, G. W. Choi, J. C. Ryu and M. S. Mun, "Design of BLDC motor controller for electric power wheelchair", in Proc. IEEE Conf Mechatronics, pp. 92-97, 2004
  131. T. Kosaka, M. Fujitsuna, T. Takahashi and N. Matsui, "Current polarity detection-based simple position sensorless drive of IPMSM for AC compressor in HEV", in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Conf., pp. 284-291, 2004
  132. G. Jang and M. G. Kim, "A bipolar-starting and unipolar-running method to drive a hard disk drive spindle motor at high speed with large starting torque", IEEE Trans. Magnetics, Vol. 41, No.2, pp. 750-755, Feb., 2005 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2004.840314
  133. M. Naidu, T. W. Nehl, S. Gopalakrishnan and L. Wurth, "Keeping cool while saving space and money: a semi-integrated, sensorless PM brushless drive for a 42-V automotive HV AC compressor", IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., Vol. 11, No.4, pp. 20-28, Jul.-Aug., 2005 https://doi.org/10.1109/MIA.2005.1458271
  134. Q. Jiang, C. Bi and S. Lin, "Sensorless control of permanent magnet spindle motors used in hard disk drives", in Proc. IEEE Conf. Electrical Machines and Sys., Vol. 1 ,pp. /77-182, 2005
  135. J. Shao, "An improved microcontroller-based sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive for automotive applications", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 42, No.5, pp. 1216-1221, Sep.-Oct., 2006 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2006.880888
  136. D. K. Kim, K. W. Lee, B. T. Kim and B. I. Kwon, "A novel starting method of the SPM-type BLDC motors without position sensor for reciprocating compressor", in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Conf, Vol. 2, pp.861-865, 2006
  137. T. Kim, H. W. Lee, L. Parsa and M. Ehsani, "Optimal power and torque control of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor/generator drive in electric and hybrid electric vehicles", in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Conf, Vol. 3, pp. 1276-1281,2006