Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation (한방재활의학과학회지)

The society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation (한방재활의학과학회)
권호 표지

The Study on the Eastern and Western Medical Literatures for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

복합부위통증증후군에 대한 동서의학적 고찰

  • Kim, Dong-Eun (Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Won-Kwang University) ;
  • Yu, Deok-Seon (Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Won-Kwang University) ;
  • Jung, Il-Min (Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Won-Kwang University) ;
  • Lee, Jeong-Han (Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Won-Kwang University) ;
  • Yeom, Seung-Ryong (Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Won-Kwang University) ;
  • Kwon, Young-Dal (Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Won-Kwang University)
  • 김동은 (원광대학교 한의과대학 한방재활의학과교실) ;
  • 유덕선 (원광대학교 한의과대학 한방재활의학과교실) ;
  • 정일민 (원광대학교 한의과대학 한방재활의학과교실) ;
  • 이정한 (원광대학교 한의과대학 한방재활의학과교실) ;
  • 염승룡 (원광대학교 한의과대학 한방재활의학과교실) ;
  • 권영달 (원광대학교 한의과대학 한방재활의학과교실)
  • Received : 2009.03.18
  • Accepted : 2009.04.07
  • Published : 2009.04.30

⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives : The aim of this study is to suggest approach of oriental medical management and necessity by research of eastern and western medical literatures for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome(CRPS). Methods : We reviewed the clinical and experimental literatures of eastern and western concerned with CRPS which is related causation, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, etiology and management. Results : 1. CRPS is divided into type I and II by nerve injury. Two types of CRPS have been recognized: type I, corresponds to RSD and occurs without a definable nerve lesion, and type II, formerly called causalgia refers to cases where a definable nerve lesion is present. These conditions can be charaterized clinically by the sensory abnormalities, vascular abnormalities, oedema, sweating abnormalities, motor or trophic changes. 2. CRPS are well known to patients and physicians relatively, but the pathophysiology, causation and treatments are still unclear. 3. CRPS is needed to take the early diagnosis and multidisciplinary approach for significant effect. 4. CRPS can be regarded for obstruction syndrome of Ki and blood(痺證), blood stasis(瘀血), Wei symptom(痿證), numbness(痲木) in the oriental medical management of CRPS. Conclusions : Above the results, it is suggested that further studies and active approach of management of CRPS will be conducted precisely in oriental medicine.

Keywords

References

  1. Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Binder A, Baron R. Complex regional pain syndrome-diagnostic, mechanisms, CNS involvement and theraphy. Spinal Cord. 2003;41:61-75. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101404
  2. Birlein F. Complex regional pain syndrome. J Neurol. 2005;252:131-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-005-0737-8
  3. Garber BS, Bruehl S, Harden RN. IASP diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome: a preliminary empirical validation study. Clin J Pain. 1998;14:48-54. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199803000-00007
  4. Baron R, Janig W. Complex regional pain syndorme-how do we escape the diagnostic trap? Lancet. 2004;364:1739-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17416-3
  5. Rowbotham MC. Pharmacologic management of complex regional pain syndrome. Clin J Pain. 2006;22:425-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ajp.0000194281.74379.01
  6. Mannion RJ, WoolF CJ. Pain mechanisms and management: a central perspective. Clin J Pain. 2000;16(3):144-56. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-200006000-00008
  7. Bennett DS, Brookoff D. Complex regional painsyndrome(reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia) and spinal cord stimulation. Pain Med. 2006;7:S64-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00124.x
  8. 김용철, 김성현, 조지연, 홍지희. 상지 복합부위통증증후군 I형 환자에서 시행한 8극 척수자극술-증례보고-. 대한통증학회지. 2007;20:186-9.
  9. 李慶雨. 編注譯解 黃帝內經素問. 서울:여강출판사. 1999:(1)166, (2)555, (5)127.
  10. Kim YS. Complex regional pain syndrome treated with Bee-venom herbal acupuncture : A case Report. 대한침구학회지. 2006;23(2):191-5.
  11. 임정아, 문형철, 김성남, 이성용, 김성철, 이상민. 반사성 교감신경이영양증후군(RSDS)으로 내원한 환자 1례에 대한 보고. 대한침구학회지. 2005;22(6):241-9.
  12. 김선종, 정문재, 박성혁, 김정환, 염승룡, 권영달, 송용선. 백굴채 약침이 백서의 말초 신경병증 통증 억제에 미치는 영향. 한방재활의학과학회지. 2007;17(2):1-16.
  13. Harden RN, Bruehl SP. Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome. Clin J Pain. 2006;22:415-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ajp.0000194279.36261.3e
  14. Mitchell SW, Morehouse GR, Keen WW. Gunshot wounds and other injuries of nerves. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1864:105.
  15. Stanton Hicks M, Janig W, Hassenbusch S, Haddox JD, Boas R, Wilson P. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: changing concepts and taxonomy. Pain. 1995;63:127-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(95)00110-E
  16. Stanton-Hicks M, et al. Complex regional pain syndromes: guidelines for therapy. Clin J Pain. 1998;14:155-66. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199806000-00012
  17. Harden RN, Bruehl S, Galer BS, Saltz S, Bertram M, Backonja M, et al. Complex regional pain syndrome: are the IASP diagnostic criteria valid and sufficiently comprehensive? Pain. 1999;83:211-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00104-9
  18. Bruehl S, Husfeldt B, Lubenow TR, Nath H, Ivankovich AD. Psychological differences between reflex sympathetic dystrophy and non-RSD chronic pain patients. Pain. 1996;67:107-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(96)81973-7
  19. Bruehl S. Do psychological factors play a role in the onset and maintenance of CRPS-I?.Harden RN, Baron R, Janig W, editors. Complex regional pain syndrome: progress in pain research and management, vol. 22. Seattle: IASP Press; 2001:279-90.
  20. Bickerstaff DR, Kanis JA. Algodystrophy: an under-recognized complication of minor trauma. Br J Rheumatol. 1994;33:240-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/33.3.240
  21. Atkins RM, Duckworth T, Kanis JA. Features of algodystrophy after Colles' fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72:105-10.
  22. Sarangi PP, Ward AJ, Smith EJ, Staddon GE, Atkins RM. Algodystrophy and osteoporosis after tibial fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75B:450-2.
  23. Atkins RM. Complex regional pain syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85:1100-6. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.85B8.14673
  24. Raga SN, Grabow TS. Complex regional pain syndrome I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Anesthesiology. 2002;96:1254-60. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200205000-00031
  25. Annetje M. de Rooij, Marissa de Mos, Miriam C.J.M. Sturkenboom, Johan Marinus, Arn M.J.M. van den Maagdenberg, Jacobus J. van Hilten. Familial occurrence of complex regional pain syndrome. European Journal of Pain. 2008;4:1-7.
  26. Littlejohn GO. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in adolescents: lessons for adult. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:151-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20250
  27. Iltekin Duman, Umit Dincer, Mehmet Ali Taskaynatan, Engin Cakar, Ilknur Tugeu, Kemal Dincer. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a retrospective epidemiological study of 168 patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:1433-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-006-0515-8
  28. Veldman PHJM, Goris RJA. Shoulder complaints in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the upper extremity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76:239-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80608-3
  29. Steinbrocker O. The shoulder-hand syndrome: present perspective. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1968;49:388-95.
  30. Muller LP, Muller LA, Happ J, Kerschbaumer F. Frozenshoulder: a sympathetic dystrophy? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2000;120:84-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00021222
  31. Shinya K, Lanzzeta M, Conolly WB. Risk and complications in endoscopic carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg Br. 1995;20:222-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-7681(05)80056-7
  32. Waegeneers S, Haentjens P, Wylock P. Operative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Acta Orthop Belg. 1993;59:367-70.
  33. Prosser R, Conolly WB. Complications following surgical treatment for Dupuytren's contracture. J Hand Ther. 1996;9:344-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-1130(96)80040-8
  34. Katz MM, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy as a cause of poor results after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1986;1:117-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-5403(86)80049-3
  35. Isakov E, Susak Z, Korzets A. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the stump in below-knee amputees. Clin J Pain. 1992;8:270-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199209000-00014
  36. Mittal R, et al. The role of Tc-99m bone imaging in themanagement of pain after complicated total hip replacement. Clin Nucl Med. 1997;22:593-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199709000-00003
  37. Leitha T, Staudenherz A, Fialka V. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy after arthroscopy. Clin Nucl Med. 2000;25:1028-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-200012000-00016
  38. Field J, Protheroe DL, Atkins RM. Algodystrophy after Colles fractures is associated with secondary tightness of casts. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994;76:901-5.
  39. Veldman PH, et al. Signs and symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: prospective study of 829 patients. Lancet. 1993;342:1012-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92877-V
  40. Allen G, Galer BS, Schwartz L. Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective chart review of 134 patients. Pain. 1999;80:539-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00246-2
  41. Petchkrua W, Weiss DJ, Patel RR. Reassessment of the incidence of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 following stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2000;14:59-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/154596830001400107
  42. Cheng PT, Hong CZ. Predication of replex sympathetic dystrophy in hemiplegic patients by electromyographic study. Stroke. 1995;26:2277-80. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.26.12.2277
  43. Raja SN, Grabow TS. Complex regional pain syndrome I(reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Anesthesiology. 2002;96:1254-60. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200205000-00031
  44. Poncelet C, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in pregnancy: nine cases and areview of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1999;86:55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-2115(99)00051-2
  45. 송소향, 이정득, 이상헌, 홍연식, 조철수, 박동준, 정수교, 김호연. 내과적 질환에 병발된 반사성 교감신경계 위축 증후군 20예의 분석. 대한내과학회지. 1993;45(5):652-8.
  46. 이경주, 김범수, 박원, 송정수, 장재남, 최원, 이돈행, 김형길, 권계숙, 조현근, 신용운, 김영수, 현인영. 단백상실성 장병증 후에 발병된 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome 1예. 대한내과학회지. 1999;56(1):98-102.
  47. 강동헌, 한현복, 홍연식, 조철수, 박동준, 심규식, 김호연, 김동집. 악성 종양에 동반된 반사성 교감신경계 위축 증후군. 대한내과학회지. 1992;43(3):397-403.
  48. Kozin F. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: a review. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1992;10:401-9.
  49. Schwartzman RJ, McLellan TL. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a review. Arch Neurol. 1987;44:555-61. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1987.00520170081028
  50. Shelton RM, Lewis CW. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;22:513-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(90)70072-P
  51. Bruehl S, et al. Complex regional pain syndrome: are there distinct subtypes and sequential stages of the symptom? Pain. 2002;95:119-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00387-6
  52. Blumberg H, Janig W. Clinical manifestations of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically maintained pain. In: Wall PD, Mlzack R, editors. Textbook on pain. New York: Churchill-Livingstone. 1993:249-61.
  53. Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definition of pain terms, 2nd ed. Seattle: IASP Press; 1994.
  54. Eisenberg E, Melamed E. Can complex regional pain syndrome be painless? Pain. 2003;106(3):263-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00290-2
  55. Karacan I, Aydin T, Ozaras N. Bone loss in the contralateral asymptomatic hand in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1. J Bone Miner Metab. 2004;22:44-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-003-0447-1
  56. Drummond PD. Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in complex regional pain syndrome. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2004;3:35-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534734604263365
  57. Birklein F, et al. Neurological findings in complex regional pain syndrome-analysis of 145 cases. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000;101(4):262-9. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.09008.x
  58. Birklein F, et al. Sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflex pattern in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 1998;75:93-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00209-1
  59. Wasner G, et al. Vascular abnormalities in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): mechanisms and diagnostic value. Brain. 2001;124:587-99. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/124.3.587
  60. Livingstone JA, Field J. Algodystrophy and its association with Dupuytren's disease. J Hand Surg Br. 1999;24:199-202.
  61. Heerschap A, Hollander JA, Reynen H, Goris RJA. Metabolic changes in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A 31P NMR spectroscopy study. Muscle Nerve. 1993;16:367-73. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.880160405
  62. Birklein F, Handwerker HO. Complex regional pain syndrome: how to resolve the complexity? Pain. 2001;94:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00393-1
  63. MA van Rijn, J Marinus, H Putter, JJ van Hilten. Onset and progression of dystonia in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Pain. 2007;130:287-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.03.027
  64. Hulsman NM, Geertzen JH, Dijkstra PU, van den Dungen JJ, den Dunnen WF. Myopathy in CRPS-I: Disues or neurogenic? Eur J Pain. 2008Oct30.
  65. J. Frettloh, M. Huppe, C. Maier. Severity and specificity of neglect-like symptoms in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)compared to chronic limb pain of other origins. Pain. 2006;124:184-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.04.010
  66. Sherman PA, Karstetter KW, Damiano M, et al. Stability of temperature asymmetries in reflex sympathetic dystrophy over time and changes in pain. Clin J Pain. 1994;10:71-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199403000-00010
  67. Kozin F. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: a review. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1992;10:401-9.
  68. Sandroni P, Low PA, Ferrer T, Opfer-Gehrking T, Willner CL, Wilson PR. Complex regional pain syndrome I(CRPS I): prospective study and laboratory evaluation. Clin J Pain. 1998 ;14:282-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199812000-00003
  69. Duncan KH, Lewis RC, Racz G, Nordyke MD. Treatment of upper extremity reflex sympathetic dystrophy with joint stiffness using sympatholytic Bier blocks and manipulation. Orthopedics. 1988;11:883-6.
  70. Tietjen R. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the knee. Clin Orthop. 1986;209:234-43.
  71. Albazaz R, Wong YT, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Complex regional pain syndrome: A review. Ann Vasc Surg. 2008;22:297-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2007.10.006
  72. Gulevich SJ, et al. Stress infrared telethermography is useful in the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome, type I(formerly reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Clin J Pain. 1997;13:50-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199703000-00008
  73. Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Baron R. Skin temperature side differences - a diagnostic tool for CRPS? Pain. 2002;98:19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00470-5
  74. Krumova EK, Frettloh J, Klauenberg S, Richter H, Wasner G, Maier C. Long-term skin temperature measurements - a practical diagnostic tool in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 2008;140:8-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2008.07.003
  75. 박은정, 한경림, 채윤정, 정원호, 김찬. 복합부위통증증후군 I형 환자에서 한냉부하 적외선체열촬영의 유용성 평가. 대한통증학회지. 2006;19:159-63.
  76. Birklein F, et al. Sudomotor function in sympathetic reflex dystrophy. Pain. 1997;69:49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03242-3
  77. Chelimsky TC, Low PA, Naessens JM, Wilson PR, Amadio PC, O'Brien PC. Value of autonomic testing in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1995;70:1029-40. https://doi.org/10.4065/70.11.1029
  78. Atkins RM, et al. Quantitative bone scintigraphy in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32:41-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/32.1.41
  79. Wilder RT, et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children. Clinical characteristics and follow-up of seventy patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:910-9. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199274060-00013
  80. Schott GD. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:291-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.71.3.291
  81. Kozin F, et al. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome II. Roentgenographic and scintigraphic evidence of bilaterality and of periarticular accentuation. Am J Med. 1976;60:332-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(76)90748-8
  82. 박정미, 김선정, 정승현, 이용택. 외상 후 복합부위통증증후군 환자에서 시행한 삼상 뼈스캔의 판독 신뢰도에 관한 연구. Ncul Med Mol Imaging. 2008;42:44-51.
  83. Andrew McBride, Roger Atkins. Complex regional pain syndrome. Current Orthopaedics. 2005;19:155-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cuor.2005.02.011
  84. Price DD, et al. Analysis of peak magnitude and duration of analgesia produced by local anesthetics injected into sympathetic ganglia of complex regional pain syndrome patients. Clin J Pain. 1998;14:216-26. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199809000-00008
  85. Price DD, et al. Analysis of peak magnitude and duration of analgesia produced by local anesthetics injected into sympathetic ganglia of complex regional pain syndrome patients. Clin J Pain. 1998;14:216-26. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199809000-00008
  86. Manchikanti L. The role of radiofrequency in the management of complex regional pain syndrome. Curr Rev Pain. 2000;4:437-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-000-0067-6
  87. Furlan AD, Lui PW, Mailis A. Chemical sympathectomy for neuropathic pain: does it work? Case report and systematic literature review. Clin J Pain. 2001;17:327-36. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-200112000-00007
  88. Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS, et al. External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria. Pain. 1999;81:147-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00011-1
  89. Harden RN, Bruehl S. Diagnostic criteria: the statistical derivation of four criterion factors. In: Wilson P, Stanton-Hicks M, Harden N, eds. CRPS: current diagnosis and theraphy. Seattle: IASP Press (in press).
  90. Maihofner C, Handwerker HO, Neundorfer B, Birklein F. Cortical reorganization during recovery from complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology. 2004;24:693-701.
  91. Devor M, Raber P. Heritability of symptoms in an experimental model of neuropathic pain. Pain. 1990;2:51-67.
  92. Kimura T, Komatsu T, Hosoda R, Nishiwaki K, Shimada Y. Angiotensin-convertingenzyme gene polymorphism in patients with neuropathic pain. Devor M, Rowbotham M, Wiesenfeld-Hallin D, editors. Proceedings of the ninth world conference on pain, vol.16. Seattle: IASP Press; 2000:71-6.
  93. Mailis A, Wade JA. Genetic considerations in CRPS. Harden RN, Baron R, Janig W, editors. Complex regional pain syndrome: progress in pain research and management, vol. 22. Seattle: IASP Press; 2001:227-38.
  94. van Hilten JJ, van de Beek WJ, Roep BO. Multifocal or generalized tonic dystonia of complex regional pain syndrome: a distinct clinical entity associated with HLA-DR13. Ann Neurol. 2000;48:113-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(200007)48:1<113::AID-ANA18>3.0.CO;2-9
  95. Perez R, Zuurmond W, Bezemer P, et al. The treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 with free radical scavengers: a randomised control study. Pain. 2003;102:297-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00414-1
  96. Huygen F, de Bruijn A, Klein J, Zijlstra F. Neuroimmune alterations in the complex regional pain syndrome. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001;429:101-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01310-3
  97. Janig W. CRPS 1 and CRPS 2: a strategic view. Harden RN, Baron R, Janig W, editors. Complex regional pain syndrome: progress in pain research and management, vol. 22. Seattle: IASP Press; 2001:3-15.
  98. Ali Z, Raja SN, Wesselmann U, Fuchs PN, Meyer RA, Campbell JN. Intradermal injection of norepinephrine evokes pain in patients with sympathetically maintained pain. Pain. 2000;88:161-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00327-4
  99. Livingstone JA, Atkins RM. Intravenous regional guanethidine blockade in the treatment of post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (algodystrophy)of the hand. J Bone Joint Surg Br .2002;84B:380-6.
  100. Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science. 2000;288:1765-8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5472.1765
  101. Woolf CJ, Mannion RJ. Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanism, and management. Lancet. 1999;353:1959-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01307-0
  102. Butler SH. Disuse and CRPS. Harden RN, Baron R, Janig W, editors. Complex regional pain syndrome: progress in pain research and management, vol. 22.Seattle:IASP Press;2001:141-50.
  103. Galer BS, Harden N. Motor abnormalities in CRPS: a neglected but keyc omponent. Harden RN, Baron R, Janig W, editors. Complex regional pain syndrome: progress in pain research and management, vol.22. Seattle: IASP Press;2001:135-40.
  104. Charlton JE. Management of sympathetic pain. Br Med Bull. 1991;47:601-1
  105. Bruehl S, Husfeldt B, Lubenow TR, Nath H, Ivankovich AD. Psychological differences between reflex sympathetic dystrophy and non-RSD chronic pain patients. Pain. 1996;67:107-14.8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(96)81973-7
  106. Bruehl S, Husfeldt B, Lubenow TR, Nath H, Ivankovich AD. Psychological differences between reflex sympathetic dystrophy and non-RSD chronic pain patients. Pain. 1996;67:107-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(96)81973-7
  107. Muir JM, Vernon H. Complex regional pain syndrome and chiropractic. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000;23(7):490-7. https://doi.org/10.1067/mmt.2000.108816
  108. Lankford LL. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in operative hand surgery. 3rd ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone. 1988:633-63.
  109. Gracely RH, Lynch SA, Bennett GJ. Painful neuropathy: altered central processing maintained dynamically by peripheral input. Pain. 1992;51:175-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(92)90259-E
  110. Rocco AG. Sympathetically maintained pain may be rekindled by surgery under general anesthesia(letter). Anesthesiology. 1993;79:865. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199310000-00035
  111. Cousins MJ, Power I, Smith G. 1996 Labat lecture: pain-a persistent problem. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000;25:6-21.
  112. Reuben SS. Preventing the development of complex regional pain syndrome after surgery. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:1215-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200411000-00023
  113. Zollinger PE, Tuinebreijer WE, Kreis RW, Breederveld RS. Effect of vitamin C on frequency of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in wrist fractures: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;354:2025-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03059-7
  114. Bickerstaff DR. The natural history of post traumatic algodystrophy. MD thesis, University of Sheffield. 1990.
  115. Field J, Warwick D, Bannister GC. The features of algodystrophy 10 years after Colles'' fracture. J Hand Surg Br. 1992;17B:318-20.
  116. Backonja MM. Anticonvulsants (antineuropathics) for neuropathic pain syndromes. Clin J Pain. 2000;16(2Suppl):S67-S72. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-200006001-00012
  117. Backonja MM, Serra J. Pharmacologic management part 2: lesser-studied neuropathic pain diseases. Pain Med. 2004;5(Suppl1):S48-S59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2004.04021.x
  118. van de Vusse AC, et al. Randomised controlled trial of gabapentin in complex regional pain syndrome type 1. [ISRCTN84121379]. BMC Neurol. 2004;4:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-4-13
  119. Serpell MG. Gabapentin in neuropathic pain syndromes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2002;99:557-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00255-5
  120. Braus DF, Krauss JK, Strobel J. Theshoulder-hand syndrome after stroke: a prospective clinical trial. Ann Neurol. 1994;36:728-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410360507
  121. Christensen K, Jensen EM, Noer I. The reflex dystrophy syndrome response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids. Acta Chir Scand. 1982;148:635-53.
  122. Robbins WR, et al. Treatment of intractable pain with topical large-dose capsaicin: preliminary report. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:579-83. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199803000-00027
  123. Watson CP, et al. A randomized vehicle-controlled trial of topical capsaicin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Ther. 1993;15:510-26.
  124. Rowbotham MC, et al. Lidocaine patch: double-blind controlled study of a new treatment method for post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain. 1996;65:39-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(95)00146-8
  125. Rho RH, Brewer RP, Larmer TJ, Wilson PR. Complex regional pain syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:174-80. https://doi.org/10.4065/77.2.174
  126. Manicourt DH, et al. Role of alendronate in therapy for posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I of the lower extremity. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3690-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20591
  127. Robinson JN, Sandom J, Chapman PT. Efficacy of pamidronate in complex regional pain syndrome type I. Pain Med. 2004;5:276-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2004.04038.x
  128. Varenna M, et al. Intravenous clodronate in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1477-83.
  129. Brunner F, Schmid A, Kissling R, Held U, Bachmann LM. Biphosphonates for the theraphy of complex regional pain syndrome I-Systemic review. Eur J Pain. 2008;Apr28:1-5.
  130. Sahin F, et al. Efficacy of salmon calcitonin in complex regional pain syndrome (type 1) in addition to physical therapy. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25:143-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-005-1153-2
  131. Perez RS, et al. Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS type 1): a research synthesis of 21 randomized clinical trials. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2001;21:511-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(01)00282-2
  132. Zuurmond WW, et al. Treatment of acute reflex sympathetic dystrophy with DMSO 50% in a fatty cream. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1996;40:364-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1996.tb04446.x
  133. Goris RJ, Dongen LM, Winters HA. Are toxic oxygen radicals involved in the pathogenesis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy? Free Radic Res Commun. 1987;3:13-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715768709069764
  134. Langendijk PN, et al. Good results of treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy with a 50% dimethylsulfoxide cream [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1993;137:500-3.
  135. Oerlemans HM, et al. Pain and reduced mobility in complex regional pain syndrome I: outcome of a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial of adjuvant physical therapy versus occupational therapy. Pain. 1999;83:77-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00080-9
  136. Kemler MA, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J MED. 2000;343:618-24. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200008313430904
  137. Lee KJ, Kirchner JS. Complex regional pain syndrome and chronic pain management in the lower extremity. Foot Ankle Clin. 2002;7:409-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1083-7515(02)00044-X
  138. Robaina FJ, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and spinal cord stimulation for pain relief in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1989;52:53-62. https://doi.org/10.1159/000099486
  139. Mailis-Gagnon A, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;108:137-47.
  140. Hassenbusch SJ, et al. Long-term results of peripheral nerve stimulation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:415-23. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.84.3.0415
  141. Alo KM, Holsheimer J. New trends in neuromodulation for the management of neuropathic pain. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(4):690-703. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200204000-00003
  142. Turner JA, Loeser JD, Deyo RA, Sanders SB. Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome: a systemic review of effectiveness and complications. Pain. 2004;108:137-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2003.12.016
  143. Shealy CN, Mortimer JT, Reswick JB. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report. Anesth Analg. 1967;46:489-91.
  144. Taylor RS, Van Buyten JP, Buchser E. Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of the clinical and cost-effectiveness literature and assessment of prognostic factors. Eur J Pain. 2006;10(2):91-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.02.004
  145. De Andres J, Van Buyten JP. Neural modulation by stimulation. Pain Pract. 2006;6:39-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00057.x
  146. Michael Stanton-Hicks. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Manifestations and the Role of Neurostimulation in Its Management. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2006;31(4):20-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.12.011
  147. Finniss DG, Murphy PM, Brooker C, Nicholas MK, Cousins MJ. Complex regional pain syndromes in children and adolescents. Eur J Pain. 2006;10:767-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.12.004
  148. Rocco AG. Comment on: Abnormal contralateral pain responses from an intradermal injection of phenylephrine in a subset of patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Pain. 2005;115:213-4; author reply 214.
  149. William E. Ackerman, Mahmood Ahmad. Recurrent Postoperative CRPS I in Patients With Abnormal Preoperative Sympathetic Function. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2008;33(2):217-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.10.017
  150. 안규열, 한경림, 이현탁, 김의석, 김찬. 동정맥 천자 후 발생한 복합부위통증증후군의 치료. 대한통증학회지. 2007;20:66-70.
  151. Genc H, Karagoz A, Saracoglu M, Sert E, Erdem HR. Complex regional pain syndrome type-I after rubella vaccine. Eur J Pain. 2005;9:517-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.11.003
  152. Jastaniah WA, Dobson S, Lugsdin JG, Petty RE. Complex regional pain syndrome after hepatitis B vaccine. J Pediatr. 2003;143:802-4. https://doi.org/10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00536-5
  153. Bernstein BH, Singsen BH, Kent JT. Reflex neurovascular dystrophy in childhood. J Peds. 1978;93:211-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80498-3
  154. Mika Matsui, Megumi Ito, Akemi Tomoda, Teruhisa Miike. Complex regional pain syndrome in childhood: repor to fthree cases. Brain&Development. 2000;22:445-8.
  155. Lee BH, Scharff L, Sethna NF, McCarthy CF, Scott-Sutherland J, Shea AM, Sullivan P, Meier P, Zurakowski D, Masek BJ, Berde CB. Physical therapy and cognitive-behavioral treatment for complex regional pain syndromes. J Pediatr. 2002;141(1):135-40. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2002.124380
  156. Niehof SP, Huygen FJ, van der Weerd RW, Westra M, Zijlstra FJ. Thermography imaging during static and controlled thermoregulation in complex regional pain syndrome type 1: diagnostic value and involvement of the central sympathetic system. Biomed Eng Online. 2006;5:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-925X-5-30
  157. Galer BS, Jensen M. Neglect-like symptoms in complex regional pain syndrome: results of a self-administered survey. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1999;18(3):213-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(99)00076-7
  158. Sethna NF, Meier PM, David Zurakowski, Berde CB. Cutaneous sensory abnormalities in children and adolescents with complex regional pain syndromes. Pain. 2007;131:153-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.028
  159. A. Laferriere, M. Millecamps, D. Xanthos, W. Xiao, G. Bennett, T. Coderre. Chronic post-ischemia pain: A novel animal model suggests that ischemia?reperfusion(I?R) injury, no-reflow and chronic tissue ischemia contribute to CRPS-I. Eur J Pain. 2007;11(1):61-2.
  160. 김진모, 차동석, 전소라, 전훈, 임종필, 최훈, 이기진, 강민석, 나호정, 김미연, 임강현, 김호철, 부영민. 호장근의 일시적 국소뇌허혈 흰쥐 모델에 대한 신경보호효과. 대한본초학회지. 2008;23(2):225-33.
  161. 이준환, 송미연, 이종수, 김성수, 신현대, 정석희. Mongoliangerbil의 뇌허혈에 대한 현삼의 신경보호효과. 한방재활의학과학회지. 2008;18(4):1-11.
  162. 민홍규, 강호창, 이현삼, 김선여, 손영주, 정혁상, 손낙원, 김윤범. 廣豆根의 Gerbil 全腦 허혈에 대한 신경손상방어효능 연구. 대한본초학회지. 2008;23(3):1-9.
  163. 엄현섭, 김철현, 임예현, 강은범, 김범수, 김승석, 박준영, 조준용. 쑥 추출물 SOL II 투여가 허혈과 재관류에 의해 유도된 세포사멸에 미치는 영향. 운동영양학회지. 2006;10(3):233-41.
  164. 김재효, 구성태, 손인철. 白鼠의 formalin 誘發痛症에 대한 電鍼刺戟과 하행성 진통기전. 대한경락경혈학회지. 2006;23(3):55-71.
  165. 김선영, 구성태, 김경식, 손인철. 原絡配穴 전침 자극이 백서의 足? 捻挫 통증에 미치는 影響. 대한경락경혈학회지. 2005;22(1):7-21.
  166. 박동석, 신홍기, 이경희. 만성통증이 유발된 흰쥐에서 관찰된 침진통효과의 세로토닌성 기전. 대한한의학회지. 2005;26(3):239-48.
  167. 신홍기, 이경희, 박동석. 전침자극이 만성통 증을 억제하는 아드레날린성 기전에 대한 연구. 대한한의학회지. 2004;25(3):67-77.
  168. 조종현, 안성훈, 손인철. 침의 염증 제어 기전에 관한 최근 견해: 최신 연구를 바탕으로. 대한경락경혈학회지. 2008;25(2):43-55.
  169. Freek J Zijlstra, Ineke van den Berg-de Lange, Frank J P M Huygen, Jan Klein. Anti-inflammatory actions of acupuncture. Mediators of Inflammation. 2003;12(2):59-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/0962935031000114943
  170. 김대필, 박영회, 금동호. 화타협척혈 침자극에 의한 손상 말초신경의 재생효과에 관한 연구. 한방재활의학과학회지. 2008;18(4):39-61.
  171. 윤여충, 최관준, 채우석, 나창수, 송형근. 鍼法에 따른 合谷穴 刺戟이 疼痛抑制에 미치는 影響. 대한침구학회지. 1998;15(2):319-30.
  172. LEO KC. Use of electrical stimulation at acupuncture points for the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in a child. PHYSTHER. 1983;63(6):957-9.
  173. Shearer HM, Trim Astrid. An unusual presentation and outcome of complex regional pain syndrome: a case report. JCCA. 2006;50(1):20-6.
  174. Hill SD, Lin MS, Chandler PJ Jr. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy and electroacupuncture. Tex Med. 1991;87(7):76-81.
  175. Spacek A, Kress HG. Acupuncture and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Schmerz. 1997;11(1):20-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004820050064
  176. CS Chan, SP Chow. Electroacupuncture in the treatment of post-traumatic sympathetic dystrophy Electroacupuncture in the treatment of post-traumatic sympathetic dystrophy (Sudeck's atrophy). British J Anaesthesia. 1981;53(8):899-902. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/53.8.899
  177. Bar Andrea, Li Yiming, Eichlisberger Remy, Angst Felix, Aeschlimann Anre. Acupuncture improves peripheral perfusion in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Clin Rheumatology. 2002;8(1):6-12. https://doi.org/10.1097/00124743-200202000-00004
  178. Tymour Forouzanfar, Albere J AKoke, Maarten van Kleef, Wilhelm E J Weber. Treatment of complex regional pain syndrometype I. Eur J Pain. 2002;6:105-22. https://doi.org/10.1053/eujp.2001.0304
  179. 이동현, 윤대환, 나창수, 윤여충. 환도혈 봉독 약침 자극이 백서의 신경병리성 동통 억제에 미치는 영향. 대한침구학회지. 2005;22(5):67-77.
  180. 송정섭, 나철, 신병철, 이수경, 권영달, 송용선. 흰쥐 좌골신경 압좌 손상 후 獨活湯 및 中性瘀血藥鍼이 통증 억제와 신경 재생에 미치는 효과. 한방재활의학과학회지. 2008;18(2):61-79.
  181. 김성남, 김성철, 최회강, 소기숙, 임정아, 황우준, 문형철, 최성용, 이상관, 나창수. 환도혈 오공약침 자극이 백서의 신경병리성 통증 억제에 미치는 영향. 대한침구학회지. 2004;21(3):145-67.
  182. 이동호, 박종구. 생활태극권. 밝은 빛. 2003.
  183. Wu WH, Bandilla E, Ciccone DS, Yang J, Cheng SC, Carner N, Wu Y, Shen R. Effects of qigong on late-stage complex regional pain syndrome. Altern Ther Health Med. 1999;5(1):45-54.
  184. 한방재활의학과학회. 한방재활의학과학. 서울:군자출판사. 2003:78-80, 103, 223, 237-9.
  185. 허준. 東醫寶鑑. 서울:법인출판사. 2002:728, 785, 976.
  186. 張介賓. 景岳全書. 上海:上海科學技術出版社. 1984;卷2:209-11.
  187. 具本泓 外. 東醫心系內科學. 서울:書宛堂. 1992:248-53.
  188. 李挻. 編註醫學入門. 서울:南山堂. 1985;1449-57.
  189. 王淸任. 醫林改錯. 臺北:台聯國風出版社. 1975:65.
  190. 정석희. 痺病의 文獻的 硏究. 대한한의학회지. 1995;16(1):9-20.
  191. 이경민, 서정철, 임성철, 정태영, 한상원. 醫因性 末梢神經病症 治驗 1例. 대한경락경혈학회지. 2004;21(3):137-46.
  192. 王肯堂. 證治準繩. 北京:北京中醫藥出版社. 1995:358.
  193. Kim YC. The evaluation of permanent impairment in chronic pain patients. Korean J Pain. 2007;20:1-7. https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2007.20.1.1
  194. 채윤병, 박히준, 구성태, 이혜정. 침과 자율신경계 고찰: 인체의 심박변이도 중심으로. 대한경락경혈학회지. 2007;24(4):25-36.
  195. 이재동. 봉독요법 -임상활용방법을 중심으로-. 대한한의학회지. 2000;21(3):3-8.
  196. 서정철, 남상영, 이재동, 최도영, 안병철, 박동석, 이윤호, 최용태. 刺鍼으로 因한 傷害의 東西醫學的 考察. 대한침구학회지. 1997;14(1):85-98.
  197. 김선종, 임양의, 권영달, 송용선. 自然分娩 후 ?骨神經麻痺(足下垂)에 대한 症例 報告. 한방재활의학과학회지. 2000;10(2):27-36.
  198. Taylor RS. Epidemiology of refractory neuropathic pain. Pain Practice. 2006;6(1):22-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00054.x