DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

서울지역 저소득층 여성의 비만 및 영양소 섭취 부족과 관련된 사회경제적 요인

Socioeconomic Factors Relating to Obesity and Inadequate Nutrient Intake in Women in Low Income Families Residing in Seoul

  • 황지윤 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 류성엽 (가톨릭대학교 성바오로병원) ;
  • 유한경 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 박희정 (CJ(주) 식품연구소) ;
  • 김화영 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Hwang, Ji-Yun (Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Ru, Sung-Yeap (The Catholic University of Korea, St. Paul's Hospital) ;
  • Ryu, Han-Kyoung (Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Park, Hee-Jung (CJ Corp. Foods R&D) ;
  • Kim, Wha-Young (Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University)
  • 발행 : 2009.03.31

초록

본 연구에서는 도시 저소득층 여성을 대상으로 비만 및 영양소 섭취 부족과 관련된 사회경제적 요인을 분석하고자 했다. 대상자는 저소득층 가구를 대상으로 한 무료건강검진센터를 방문한 여성 중 연구 참여에 동의한 $41{\sim}87$세 125명의 여성이었다. 대상자들의 72%가 초등학교 이하의 교육, 70%가 50만원 미만의 수입, 68%가 집을 소유하지 않고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 대상자들을 65세 미만, 이상으로 나누어 봤을 때 65세 미만군의 비만유병율은 BMI (${\geq}\;25kg/m^2$) 기준으로 44%, WHR (${\geq}$ 0.85) 기준으로 48%, 허리둘레 (${\geq}$ 80 cm) 기준으로 50%이었다. 65세 이상군에서 는 이보다 높아 BMI (${\geq}\;25\;kg/m^2$) 기준 57%, WHR (${\geq}$ 0.85) 기준 81%, 허리둘레 (${\geq}$ 80 cm) 기준으로 79%였다. 대상자는 주로 채소류, 곡류, 과일류를 많이 섭취했다. 모든 대상자에서 열량 및 영양소 섭취 상태는 대체적으로 불량했고 특히 65세 이상 노인에서 더욱 불량한 것으로 나타나 여자노인에서 EAR을 충족시키지 못하는 비율은 철을 제외한 모든 영양소에서 50% 이상이었다. 대부분의 대상자들의 영양소 섭취량은 RI 수준에 미치지 못했고 그러한 사람의 비율은 65세 미만의 경우 단백질과 Vitamin $B_6$ 제외한 65세 이상에서는 모든 영양소에서 50% 이상이었다. 65세 미만에서는 비만 및 영양불량과 사회경제적 지표와의 관련성이 없었다. 그러나 65세 이상에서 비만의 경우 수입과 영양불량의 경우 학력과 집소유 여부와 관련이 있었다. 따라서, 65세 이상에서 연령을 보정한 후에, 사회경제적 수준에 따른 비만 및 영양부족의 위험도를 살펴본 결과, BMI 기준 비만의 위험도 (OR = 12.601; 95% CI = 2.338-67.911)와 WC 기준 복부 비만의 위험도(OR = 4.778; 95% CI = 1.103-20.696)는 월평균 가구 수입 50만원 미만인 군에서 그 이상인 군보다 높았다. 영양섭취불량의 경우, 교육 수준이 낮은 사람들 (무학)에게서 Vitamin A (OR = 4.555; 95% CI = 1.491-13.914)를 EAR보다 적게 섭취할 위험이 높았고 자기 집을 소유하지 않은 사람의 경우, 단백질 (OR = 3.660; 95% CI = 1.118-11.981), 인 (OR = 3.428; 95% CI = 1.157-10.158), 철분 (OR = 3.765; 95% CI = 1.205-11.766)섭취가 EAR보다 부족할 위험이 집을 소유한 사람들보다 높았다. 저소득층 노인여성에서 사회경제적 수준은 비만 (소득수준) 및 영양불량 [교육수준 (Vitamin A), 자가집 소유 여부(단백질, 인, 철)] 위험과 관련이 있는 것으로 보여진다. 따라서 이러한 여성들의 비만 및 영양불량을 예방하기 위한 노력이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

This study was performed to investigate socioeconomic factors relating to obesity and inadequate nutrient intake in women in low income families residing in Seoul. The subjects were 125 women (aged 41-87 y) recruited from the local health center for free health examination for low income families. The socioeconomic status such as educational level, income level, and housing condition were poor. For subjects aged less than 65 years, the prevalence of obesity was 44% based on BMI (${\geq}\;25\;kg/m^2$), 48% based on WHR (${\geq}\;0.85$), and 50% based on waist circumference (${\geq}\;80\;cm$) and for those more than 65 years, these were greater and 57%, 81%, and 79%, respectively. The main food sources of daily diet were vegetables, grains, and fruits. Energy and other nutrient intake was not adequate for all subjects and the inadequacy was more profound in the elderly, showing percentages of subjects whose intake was less than EAR were greater than 50% for all nutrients except for iron and below RI were also greater than 50% for all nutrients. The prevalence of obesity and nutrient inadequacy were not associated with socioeconomic status in subjects aged less than 65 years, however, obesity was associated with household income and nutrient inadequacy was related to education (vitamin A) and housing status (protein, phosphate, and iron) in the elderly. After adjustment for ages, in the elderly, OR for obesity (BMI ${\geq}$ 25, OR = 12.601; 95% CI = 2.338-67.911) and central obesity (WC ${\geq}$ 80 cm, OR = 4.778; 95% CI = 1.103-20.696) were greater in subjects who earned less than 500 thousand Won per month than who earned more. For inadequate nutrient intake, the OR for inadequate intake of Vitamin A (OR = 4.555; 95% CI = 1.491-13.914) was greater in subjects with no education than those educated. Subjects without her own house had greater risk for inadequate intake for protein (OR = 3.660; 95% CI = 1.118-11.981), phosphate (OR = 3.428; 95% CI = 1.157-10.158), and iron (OR = 3.765; 95% CI = 1.205-11.766) than subjects possessing her house. In elderly females in low income families, the socioeconomic status was associated with the risk for obesity (income level) and inadequate nutrient intake (education level and housing status). More attention on these groups should be given for prevention of obesity and inadequate nutrient intake.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Ministry of health and welfare. The First Korea National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES I), Seoul; 1998
  2. Ministry of health and welfare. The Second Korea National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES II), Seoul; 2001
  3. Ministry of health and welfare. The Third Korea National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III), Seoul; 2005
  4. Popkin BM. Worldwide trends in obesity. J Nutr Biochem 1998; 9(9): 487-488 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(98)00011-4
  5. Wamala SP, Wolk A, Orth-Gomér K. Determinants of obesity in relation to socioeconomic status among middle-aged Swedish women. Prev Med 1997; 26(5): 734-744 https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1997.0199
  6. Vescio MF, Smith GD, Giampaoli S. Socio-economic position and cardiovascular risk factors in an Italian rural population. Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 17(5): 449-459 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013752206574
  7. Wang Y, Zhang Q. Are American children and adolescents of low socioeconomic status at increased risk of obesity? Changes in the association between overweight and family income between 1971 and 2002. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84(4): 707-716 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.4.707
  8. Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Why do poor people behave poorly? Variations in adult health behaviour and psychosocial characteristics, by stage of the socioeconomic lifecourse. Soc Sci Med 1997; 44(6): 809-819 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00191-8
  9. Prescott-Clarke P, Primatesta P. Health Survey for England London: The Stationary Office; 1996
  10. Wardle J, Waller J, Jarvis MJ. Sex differences in the association of socioeconomic status with obesity. Am J Public Health 2002; 92(8): 1299-1304 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.8.1299
  11. Robert SA, Reither EN. A multilevel analysis of race, community disadvantage and body mass index among adults in the US. Soc Sci Med 2004; 59(12): 2421-2434 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.03.034
  12. Zhang Q, Wang Y. Socioeconomic inequality of obesity in the United States: do gender, age, and ethnicity matter? Soc Sci Med 2004; 58(6): 1171-1180 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00288-0
  13. Dietz WH. Does hunger cause obesity? Pediatrics 1995; 95(5):766-767
  14. Brownell KD, Greenwood MRC, Stella E, Shrager EE. The effects of repeated cycles of weight loss and regain in rats. Physiol Behav 1986; 38(4): 459-464 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(86)90411-7
  15. Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79(1): 6-16 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.1.6
  16. Olson CM. Nutrition and health outcomes associated with food insecurity and hunger. J Nutr 1999; 129: 521-524 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.2.521S
  17. Adams EJ, Grummer-Strawn L, Chavez G. Food insecurity is associated with increased risk of obesity in California women. J Nutr 2003; 133(4): 1070-1074 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.4.1070
  18. Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Lahelma E. Food insecurity is associated with past and present economic disadvantage and body mass index. J Nutr 2001; 131(11): 2880-2884 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.11.2880
  19. Tarasuk VS. Household food insecurity with hunger is associated with women's food intakes, health and household circumstances. J Nutr 2001; 131(10): 2670-2676 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.10.2670
  20. Yoon GA. The relation of educational level and life-style behaviors to obesity in adult males. Korean J Nutr 2004; 37(5): 385-393
  21. Yoon GA. Association of obesity with television watching and physical activity in adult female. Korean J Nutr 2003; 36(7):769-776
  22. Lee KM, Kim HY, Jung SP, Kim JH, Song CH. Effects of cigarette smoking on abdominal fatness. J Korean Acad Fam Med 2000; 21(9): 1172-1179
  23. Jeon HJ, Lee JH. Effect of Exercise on serum lipids in abdomi-nal obese women. Korean J Food & Nutr 2003; 16(3): 192-196
  24. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, Seoul; 2005
  25. Freidwald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of concentration of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18(6): 499-502
  26. Ball K, Mishra G, Crawford D. Which aspects of socioeconomic status are related to obesity among men and women? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26(4): 559-565 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801960
  27. Choi JH, Kim MH, Cho MS, Lee HS, Kim WY. The nutritional status and dietary pattern by BMI and in Korean elderly. Korean J Nutr 2002; 35(4): 480-488
  28. Kim WY, Ahn SY, Song YS. The nutritional status and intervention effects of multivitamin-mineral supplementation in nursinghome residents in Korea. Korean J Community Nutrition 2000; 5(2): 201-207
  29. Kim MH, Hwang CG, Cho MS, Baik HW, Kim WY. The nutritional risk factors and preference to salty taste according to blood pressure in Korean elderly. Korean J Gerontol 2005; 15(4): 8-16
  30. Park HJ, Lim BK, Kim WY. Effect of food commodity supplementary program for low income elderly people. Korean J Food Culture 2007; 22(1): 149-156

피인용 문헌

  1. A Study on the Health and Nutritional Characteristics according to Household Income and Obesity in Korean Adults Aged over 50 -Based on 2005 KNHANES- vol.17, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.4.463
  2. Anthropometric Index, Dietary Habits and Nutrient Intake of the Oldest-old Population Aged 95 and Over Living in Seoul vol.17, pp.5, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.603
  3. Food deserts in Korea? A GIS analysis of food consumption patterns at sub-district level in Seoul using the KNHANES 2008-2012 data vol.10, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2016.10.5.530
  4. Gender Difference in Association with Socioeconomic Status and Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults vol.25, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7570/kjo.2016.25.4.247
  5. Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey vol.48, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.4.364
  6. Socio-economic status is associated with the risk of inadequate energy intake among Korean elderly vol.48, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.4.371
  7. Relationship between Stress and Eating Habits of Adults in Ulsan vol.42, pp.6, 2009, https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.6.536
  8. Body Mass Index, Stress, and Dietary Habits of Women in their early 20s and late 20s vol.17, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2019.0304
  9. An Investigation on Korean Adolescents’ Dietary Consumption: Focused on Sociodemographic Characteristics, Physical Health, and Mental Health vol.18, pp.18, 2009, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189773