Effect of Storage Temperature and Water Activity on Antioxidant Activities of Powdered Green Tea Extracts

분말녹차 추출물의 항산화 활성에 미치는 수분활성도 및 저장온도의 효과

  • Choi, Gwi-Nam (Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Jeong, Chang-Ho (Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kim, Ji-Hye (Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kwak, Ji-Hyun (Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Shin, Young-Hee (Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Lee, Seung-Cheol (Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University) ;
  • Cho, Sung-Hwan (Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Choi, Sung-Gil (Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Heo, Ho-Jin (Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University)
  • 최귀남 (경상대학교 대학원 응용생명과학부.농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 정창호 (경상대학교 대학원 응용생명과학부.농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 김지혜 (경상대학교 대학원 응용생명과학부.농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 곽지현 (경상대학교 대학원 응용생명과학부.농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 신영희 (경상대학교 대학원 응용생명과학부.농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 이승철 (경남대학교 식품생명학과) ;
  • 조성환 (경상대학교 대학원 응용생명과학부.농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 최성길 (경상대학교 대학원 응용생명과학부.농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 허호진 (경상대학교 대학원 응용생명과학부.농업생명과학연구원)
  • Published : 2009.06.30

Abstract

The antioxidant properties of green tea leaves and powder extracts were determined using several tests including estimation of reducing power, DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity, and FRAP(Ferric reducing/antioxidant power) assay. All tests indicated that extracts of green tea powder had higher antioxidant activities than extracts of green tea leaves, and the activities were concentration-dependent. However, each test yielded somewhat different results with respect to storage conditions. The reducing power of green tea leaves was highest at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, storage at $4^{\circ}C$, and an Aw(water activity) value of 0.23. However, the reducing power of green tea powder, assayed at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, was high under all storage conditions(with variations in temperature and Aw), and was about 1.5.2-fold greater than that of green tea leaves. Radical-scavenging activity, as assessed by the DPPH assay, increased in a dose-dependent manner over the range $15{\sim}125{\mu}g/mL$. At higher concentrations, activities were $80{\sim}90%$ of maximal were attained. The FRAP activity of green tea extract also increased with rising concentration. Particularly in the case of green tea leaves, antioxidant activity was most greatest with storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ and Aw values of 0.69 and 0.23 when assayed at a concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. These results indicate that the most important factor during storage of green tea is not the Aw value but rather temperature, and that use of refrigeration($4^{\circ}C$) is preferable to increase or maintain the antioxidant activities of biological components in green tea.

3개월간 다른 조건에서 저장한 잎 및 분말녹차의 항산화 활성 변화를 조사하였다. 녹차 추출물은 수분활성도(0.81, 0.69, 0.23)와 온도($25^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$, $-20^{\circ}C$)를 달리하여 3개월간 저장한 잎 및 분말녹차 시료 1.5 g에 $70^{\circ}C$의 탈이온수 100mL를 첨가하여 5분간 추출하여 준비하였다. 항산화 특성은 환원력, DPPH radical 소거활성, FRAP 측정법을 이용하여 조사하였다. 모든 실험에서 분말녹차 추출물이 잎녹차 추출물보다 높은 활성을 나타내었으며 농도 의존적인 경향을 보였다. 그러나 각 실험에서 저장조건에 대하여 다른 결과를 보였다. 잎녹차 추출물의 환원력은 $4^{\circ}C$, 수분활성도 0.23 저장조건에서 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ 농도일 때 가장 높았으나 분말 녹차 추출물은 모든 저장조건에서 동일한 농도일 때 높았다. 특히 잎녹차 추출물과 비교하였을 때 약 $1.5{\sim}2$배 더 높았다. DPPH radical 소거활성은 각각 농도 $15{\sim}125{\mu}g/mL$에서 농도 의존적으로 증가했다. 처리 농도 $125{\mu}g/mL$ 이상에서는 활성이 $80{\sim}90%$로 더 이상의 증가 패턴은 보이지 않았다. 녹차 추출물의 FRAP 활성은 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가했다. 특히 잎녹차 추출물의 경우 $-20^{\circ}C$, 수분활성도 0.69와 0.23일때 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$에서 가장 효과적이었다. 결과를 종합해보면 녹차의 저장에 있어서 수분활성도 보다는 온도가 중요한 요소로 작용하며, 대체적으로 냉장조건($4^{\circ}C$)이 녹차의 항산화 활성과 생리활성성분을 증가 또는 유지시키는데 좀 더 유리함을 나타내었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Fridovich, I. (1978) Superoxide radicals, superoxide dismutase and the aerobic lifecycle. Photochem. Photobiol., 28, 733 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1978.tb07009.x
  2. Han, Y.G. (1997) Protective Effects of Green Tea against oxidative damage in Rats treated with acute ethanol. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Green Tea of Korean J. Food Sci. Technol., 4, 143-151
  3. Bulkey, G.B. (1993) The role of oxygen free radicals in human disease processes, Surgery., 94, 407-411
  4. Nohl, H. and Jordan, W. (1986) The mitochondrial site of superoxide formation. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun.,138, 533-539 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(86)80529-0
  5. Borrello, S., Seccia, A., Galleott, T., Bartoli, G.M.,Farallo, E. and Serri, F. (1984) Protective enzymes in human epidermal carcinomas and psoriasis. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 276, 338-340 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00404630
  6. Ji, L.L. (1993) Antioxidant enzyme response to exercise and aging. Med. Sci. Sport Exercise, 25, 225-231
  7. Jeong, C.H., Choi, S.G. and Heo, H.J. (2008) Analysis of nutritional components and evaluation of functional activities of Sasa borealis leaf tea. Korean J. Food Preserv., 40, 586-592
  8. Kim, M.H., Kim, M.C., Park, J.S., Kim, J.W. and Lee,J.O. (2001) The antioxidative effects of the water-soluble extracts of pants used as tea materials. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol., 33, 12-18
  9. Kim, Y.S., Jung, Y.H., Chun, S.S. and Kim, M.N. (1988) The kinetics of non-enzymatic browning reaction in green tea during storage at different water activities and temperature. J. Korean Soc. Food Nutr., 17, 226-232
  10. Kim, Y.I., Park, J.Y., Choi, S.J., Kim, J.K., Jeong, C.H., Choi, S.G., Lee, S.C., Cho, S.H. and Heo, H.J. (2008) Protective effect of green tea extract on amyloid β peptide induced neurotoxicity. Korean J. Food Preserv., 15, 743-748
  11. Sato, T. and Miyata, G. (2000) The nutraceutical benefit, part I: Green tea. Nutr., 16, 315-317
  12. Kim, S.Y., Jeong S.M. and Lee, S.C. (2004) Effect of far-infrared irradiation on the antioxidant activity and catechin of green tea. J. Korean Soc. Food Nutr., 33,753-756 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2004.33.4.753
  13. Oh, C.K., Oh, M.C. and Kim, S.H. (2000) Desmutagenic effects of extracts from green tea. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr., 16, 390-393
  14. Ahmad, N., Feyes, D.K., Nieminen, A.L., Aqarwal, R. and Mukhtar, H. (1997) Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate and induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human carcinoma cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 89, 1881-1886 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/89.24.1881
  15. Cho, Y.J., An, B.J. and Choi, C. (1993) Inhibition effet of aginst angiotensin converting engyme of flavan-3-ols isolated Korea green tea. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol.,25, 238-242
  16. Fujita, Y., Tamane, T., Tanaka, M., Kuwata, K., Okuzumi, J., Takahashi, T., Fujiki, H. and Okuda, T. (1989) Inhibitory effect of (-)epigallocatechin gallate on carcinogenesis with N-ethyl-N-nitroguamidine in mouse duodeum. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 80, 503-508 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.1989.tb01666.x
  17. Kim, Y.S., Jung, Y.H., Chun, S.S. and Kim, M.N. (1988) The kinetics of non-enzymatic browning reaction in green tea during storage at different water activities and temperatures. J. Korean Soc. Food Nutr., 17, 226-232
  18. Lee, J.M., Lim, S.W., Cho, S.H., Choi, S.G., Heo, H.J. and Lee, S.C. (2009) Effect of relative humidity and storage temperature on the quality of green tea powder. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr., 38, 83-88 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.1.083
  19. Oyaizu M. (1986) Studies on products of browning reaction: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Jpn. J. Nutr., 44,307-315 https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307
  20. Blois, M.A. (1958). Antioxidant determination by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181, 1199-1200 https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
  21. Benzie, I.F.F. and Strain, J.J. (1996) The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": The FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem., 239, 70-76 https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
  22. Diplock, A.T. (1997) Will the good fairies please prove to us that vitamin E lessens human degenerative disease? Free Radicals., 27, 511-532
  23. Gulati, A., Rawat, R., Singh, B. and Ravindranath, S.D.(2003) Application of microwave energy in the manufacture of enhanced quality green tea. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 51, 4764-4768 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf026227q
  24. Wang, L.F., Kim, D.M., Lee, C.Y. (2000) Effects of heat processing and storage on flavanols and sensory qualities of green tea beverage. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 4227-4232 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0003597
  25. Herrmann, K. (1989) Occurrence and content of hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid compounds in foods. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 28, 315-347 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398909527504
  26. Yoshino, M. and Murakami, K. (1998) Interaction of iron with polyphenolic compounds, application to antioxidant characterization. Anal. Biochem., 257, 40-44 https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1997.2522
  27. Shahidi, F. and Metusalach., Brown, J.A. (1998) Carotenoid pigments in seafoods and aquaculture. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 38, 1-67 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408699891274165
  28. Jang M.J., Ha H.J., Yoon S.R., Noh J.E. and Kwon J.H. (2006) Prediction of optimal leaching conditions for green tea. J. Korean Soc. Food Nutr., 35, 747-753 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2006.35.6.747
  29. Friedman, M., Levin, C.E., Lee, S.U. and Kozukue, N.(2009) Stability of green tea catechins in commercial tea leaves during storage for 6 months. J. Food Sci., 74,H47-51 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.01033.x
  30. Ortiz, J., Ferruzzi, M.G., Taylor, L.S. and Mauer, L.J.(2008) Interaction of environmental moisture with powdered green tea formulations: effect on catechin chemical stability. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 4068-4077 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800246s