Food Science of Animal Resources (한국축산식품학회지)

Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources (한국축산식품학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Role of the Immune System in the use of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria in Preventing and Treating Allergic Diseases

  • Choi, Kyeong-Ok (Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University) ;
  • Nguyen, Hoang-Hai (Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University) ;
  • Kwak, Hae-Soo (Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University)
  • Published : 2010.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The immune system is generally divided into the innate and the adopted immune systems, both protecting the body from pathogens. Recently, allergies, a disease associated with an imbalanced immune system, have increased rapidly in developed countries. Prevailing symptoms of allergic diseases are eczema, allergic rhinitis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and food allergy. Probiotic bacteria, mainly consisting of lactic acid bacteria, are used in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases. The function of them is to stimulate the intestinal immune cells and form a complex signal network to activate other immune cells. Beneficial health effects of probiotics are based on the hygiene hypothesis, which suggests that sanitary environment is important for health, but limited exposure to environmental factors increases allergic diseases. An immunoregulatory effect of probiotic bacteria is demonstrated by controlled trial, animal model, in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo designs. However, the immunoregulatory effect of probiotic bacteria is controversial because it depends on probiotic strains, a dose and a type of diseases. In this review, we discussed clinical evidences on immunoregulatory effects of probiotic bacteria.

Keywords

References

  1. Adolfsson, O., Meydani, S. N., and Russell, R. M. (2004) Yogurt and gut function. J. Clin Nutr. 80, 245-256.
  2. Akdis, M., Verhagen, J., Taylor, A., Karamloo, F., Karagiannidis, C., Crameri, R., Thunberg, S., Deniz, G., Valenta, R., Fiebig, H., Kegel, C., Disch, R., Schmidt-Weber, C. B., Blaser, K., and Akdis, C. A. (2004) Immune responses in healthy and allergic individuals are characterized by a fine balance between allergen-specific T regulatory 1 and T helper 2 cells. J. Exp Med. 199, 1567-1575. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20032058
  3. Alander, M., Satokari, R., Korpela, R., Saxelin, M., Vilpponen- Salmela, T., Mattila-Sandholm, T., and von Wright, A. (1999) Persistence of colonization of human colonic mucosa by a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, after oral consumption. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 351-354.
  4. Aldinucci, C., Bellussi, L., Monciatti, G., Passali, G. C., Salerni, L., Passali, D., and Bocci, V. (2002) Effects of dietary yoghurt on immunological and clinical parameters of rhinopathic patients. Eur J. Clin Nutr. 56, 1155-1161. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601465
  5. Ana, M. e.-C. v., Sierra, S., Lara-Villoslada, F., Romero, J., Jos-Maldonado, Boza, J., Xaus, J., and Olivares, M. i. (2009) A probiotic dairy product containing L. gasseri CECT5714 and L. coryniformis CECT5711 induces immunological changes in children suffering from allergy. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 20, 592-600. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00833.x
  6. Baba, H., Masuyama, A., and Takano, T. (2006) Short communication: Effects of Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk on the differentiation of cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 2072-2075. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72275-5
  7. Bickert, T., Trujillo-Vargas, C. M., Duechs, M., Wohlleben., Polte, T., Hansen, G., Oelschlaeger, T. A., and Erb, K. J. (2009) Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Suppresses Allergen-Induced Th2 Responses in the Airways. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 149, 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1159/000199717
  8. Borchers, A., Selmi, C., Meyers, F., Keen, C., and Gershwin, M. (2009) Probiotics and immunity. J. Gastroenterol. 44, 26-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-008-2296-0
  9. Borish, L. (1998) IL-10: evolving concepts. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 101, 293-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70238-6
  10. Boyle, R. J., Bath-Hextall, F. J., Leonardi-Bee, J., Murrell, D. F., and Tang, M. L.-K. (2009) Probiotics for the treatment of eczema: a systematic review. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 39, 1117-1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03305.x
  11. Chiang, B. L., Sheih, Y. H., Wang, L. H., Liao, C. K., and Gill, H. S. (2000) Enhancing immunity by dietary consumption of a probiotic lactic acid bacterium (Bifidobacterium lactis HN019): optimization and definition of cellular immune responses. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 849-855. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601093
  12. Christensen, H. R., Larsen, C. N., Kaestel, P., Rosholm, L. B., Sternberg, C., Michaelsen, K. F., and Frokiaer, H. (2006) Immunomodulating potential of supplementation with probiotics: a dose-response study in healthy young adults. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 47, 380-390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00109.x
  13. Cross, M. L., Stevenson, L. M., and Gill, H. S. (2001) Antiallergy properties of fermented foods: an important immunoregulatory mechanism of lactic acid bacteria- Int Immunopharmacol.1, 891-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00025-X
  14. Davoine, F., Ferland, C., Chakir, J., Lee, J. E., Adamko, D. J., Moqbel, R., and Laviolette, M. (2006) Interleukin-12 inhibits eosinophil degranulation and migration but does not promote eosinophil apoptosis. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 140,277-284. https://doi.org/10.1159/000093705
  15. de Moreno de LeBlanc, A., Dogi, C., Galdeano, C., Carmuega, E., Weill, R., and Perdigon, G. (2008) Effect of the administration of a fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 on intestinal microbiota and gut associated immune cells of nursing mice and after weaning until immune maturity. BMC Immunology. 9, 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2172-9-27
  16. de Moreno de LeBlanc, A., and Perdigón, G. (2005) Reduction of â-Glucuronidase and nitroreductase activity by yoghurt in a murine colon cancer model. Biocell. 29, 15-24.
  17. de Waard, R., Garssen, J., Snel, J., Bokken, G. C., Sako, T., Veld, J. H., and Vos, J. G. (2001) Enhanced antigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity and immunoglobulin G2b responses after oral administration of viable Lactobacillus casei YIT9029 in Wistar and Brown Norway rats. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8, 762-767.
  18. Dekker, J. W., Wickens, K., Black, P. N., Stanley, T. V., Mitchell, E. A., Fitzharris, P., Tannock, G. W., Purdie, G., and Crane, J. (2009) Safety aspects of probiotic bacterial strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 in human infants aged 0-2 years. Int. Dairy. J. 19, 149-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2008.10.004
  19. Feord, J. (2002) Lactic acid bacteria in a changing legislative environment. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 82, 353-360. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020648018998
  20. Galdeano, C. M., de Moreno de LeBlanc, A., Vinderola, G., Bonet, M. E., and Perdigon, G. (2007) Proposed model: mechanisms of immunomodulation induced by probiotic bacteria. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 14, 485-492. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00406-06
  21. Galdeano, C. M. and Perdigon, G. (2004) Role of viability of probiotic strains in their persistence in the gut and in mucosal immune stimulation. J. Appl. Microbiol. 97, 673-681. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02353.x
  22. Gill, H. S., Rutherfurd, K. J., and Cross, M. L. (2001a) Dietary probiotic supplementation enhances natural killer cell activity in the elderly: an investigation of age-related immunological changes. J. Clin. Immunol. 21, 264-271. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010979225018
  23. Gill, H. S., Rutherfurd, K. J., Cross, M. L., and Gopal, P. K. (2001b) Enhancement of immunity in the elderly by dietary supplementation with the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 74, 833-839.
  24. Gill, H. S., Rutherfurd, K. J., Prasad, J., and Gopal, P. K. (2000) Enhancement of natural and acquired immunity by Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HN001), Lactobacillus acidophilus (HN017) and Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019). Br. J. Nutr. 83, 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114500000210
  25. Guarner, F. and Malagelada, J. R. (2003) Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet. 361, 512-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0
  26. Gustafsson, D., Sjoberg, O., and Foucard, T. (2000) Development of allergies and asthma in infants and young children with atopic dermatitis-a prospective follow-up to 7 years of age. Allergy. 55, 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00391.x
  27. Helwig, U., Lammers, K. M., Rizzello, F., Brigidi, P., Rohleder, V., Caramelli, E., Gionchetti, P., Schrezenmeir, J., Foelsch, U. R., Schreiber, S., and Campieri, M. (2006) Lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and E. coli nissle induce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. World J Gastroenterol. 12, 5978-5986.
  28. Hirschhorn-Cymerman, D., Rizzuto, G. A., Merghoub, T., Cohen, A. D., Avogadri, F., Lesokhin, A. M., Weinberg, A. D., Wolchok, J. D., and Houghton, A. N. (2009) OX40 engagement and chemotherapy combination provides potent antitumor immunity with concomitant regulatory T cell apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 206, 1103-1116. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20082205
  29. Hooper, L. V., Falk, P. G., and Gordon, J. I. (2000) Analyzing the molecular foundations of commensalism in the mouse intestine. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 3, 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5274(99)00055-7
  30. Hooper, L. V. and Gordon, J. I. (2001) Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut. Science. 292, 1115-1118. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058709
  31. Hooper, L. V., Midtvedt, T., and Gordon, J. I. (2002) How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 22, 283-307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.011602.092259
  32. Isolauri, E. (2001) Probiotics in the prevention and treatment of allergic disease. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 12 56-59. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3038.2001.121413.x
  33. Isolauri, E., Arvola, T., Sutas, Y., Moilanen, E., and Salminen, S. (2000) Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 30, 1604-10.
  34. Isolauri, E. and Salminen, S. (2008) Probiotics: use in allergic disorders: a nutrition, allergy, mucosal immunology, and intestinal microbiota (NAMI) research group report. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 42, S91-S96. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181639a98
  35. Janeway, Jr. C. A. (1989) Approaching the asymptote- Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 54 Pt 1, 1-13.
  36. Jeong, S. G., Nam, J. S., Kim, H. S., Noh, Y. B., Chae, N. S., Ahn, C. N., and Choi, S. H. (2007) Anti-allergy effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria. Korean J. Dairy Sci. 25, 21-25.
  37. Kalliomaki, M., Salminen, S., Arvilommi, H., Kero, P., Koskinen, P., and Isolauri, E. (2001) Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 357, 1076-1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04259-8
  38. Kalliomaki, M. A. and Isolauri, E. (2004) Probiotics and down-regulation of the allergic response. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 24, 739-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2004.06.006
  39. Kankaanpaa, P. E., Yang, B., Kallio, H. P., Isolauri, E., and Salminen, S. J. (2002) Influence of probiotic supplemented infant formula on composition of plasma lipids in atopic infants. J. Nutr. Biochem. 13, 364-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00185-7
  40. Kawase, M., He, F., Kubota, A., Hiramatsu, M., Saito, H., Ishii, T., Yasueda, H., and Akiyama, K. (2009) Effect of fermented milk prepared with two probiotic strains on Japanese cedar pollinosis in a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 128, 429-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.09.017
  41. Kekkonen, R. A., Lummela, N., Karjalainen, H., Latvala, S., Tynkkynen, S., Jarvenpaa, S., Kautiainen, H., Julkunen, I., Vapaatalo, H., and Korpela, R. (2008) Probiotic intervention has strain-specific anti-inflammatory effects in healthy adults. World J. Gastroenterol. 14, 2029-2036. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.2029
  42. Klein, A., Friedrich, U., Vogelsang, H., and Jahreis, G. (2008) Lactobacillus acidophilus 74-2 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis DGCC 420 modulate unspecific cellular immune response in healthy adults. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, 584-593. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602761
  43. Kopp, M. V., Hennemuth, I., Heinzmann, A., and Urbanek, R. (2008) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotics for primary prevention: no clinical effects of Lactobacillus GG supplementation. Pediatrics. e850- e856. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1492
  44. Lee, J., Seto, D., and Bielory, L. (2008) Meta-analysis of clinical trials of probiotics for prevention and treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 121, 116-121 e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.10.043
  45. Lim, L. H., Li, H. Y., Huang, C. H., Lee, B. W., Lee, Y. K., and Chua, K. Y. (2009) The effects of heat-killed wild-type Lactobacillus casei Shirota on allergic immune responses in an allergy mouse model. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 148,297-304. https://doi.org/10.1159/000170383
  46. Marschan, E., Kuitunen, M., Kukkonen, K., Poussa, T., Sarnesto, A., Haahtela, T., Korpela, R., Savilahti, E., and Vaarala, O. (2008) Probiotics in infancy induce protective immune profiles that are characteristic for chronic low-grade inflammation. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 38, 611-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02942.x
  47. Medina, M., Izquierdo, E., Ennahar, S., and Sanz, Y. (2007) Differential immunomodulatory properties of Bifidobacterium logum strains: relevance to probiotic selection and clinical applications. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 150, 531-538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03522.x
  48. Medzhitov, R. (2007) Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response. Nature. 449, 819-826. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06246
  49. Milling, S. W. F., Cousins, L., and MacPherson, G. G. (2005) How do DCs interact with intestinal antigens- Trends Immunol. 26, 349-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2005.04.010
  50. Morimoto, K., Takeshita, T., Nanno, M., Tokudome, S., and Nakayama, K. (2005) Modulation of natural killer cell activity by supplementation of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei in habitual smokers. Prev. Med. 40, 589-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.07.019
  51. Mountzouris, K. C., Kotzampassi, K., Tsirtsikos, P., Kapoutzis, K., and Fegeros, K. (2009) Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on gut microflora metabolic biomarkers in fed and fasted rats. Clin. Nutr. 28, 318-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2009.01.009
  52. Nagao, F., Nakayama, M., Muto, T., and Okumura, K. (2000) Effects of a fermented milk drink containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the immune system in healthy human subjects. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64, 2706-2708 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.64.2706
  53. Neutra, M. R., Mantis, N. J., and Kraehenbuhl, J. P. (2001) Collaboration of epithelial cells with organized mucosal lymphoid tissues. Nat Immunol. 2, 1004-1009. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1101-1004
  54. O'Connell, E. J. (2004) The burden of atopy and asthma in children. Allergy. 59 Suppl 78, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00563.x
  55. Oelschlaeger, T. A. (2009) Mechanisms of probiotic actions - A review. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 300, 57-62.
  56. Ouwehand, A., Salminen, S., and Isolauri, E. (2002) Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 82, 279-289. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020620607611
  57. Ouwehand, A. C., Salminen, S., Roberts, P. J., Ovaska, J., and Salminen, E. (2003) Disease-dependent adhesion of lactic acid bacteria to the human intestinal mucosa. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10, 643-646.
  58. Pan, X., Chen, F., Wu, T., Tang, H., and Zhao, Z. (2009) The acid, bile tolerance and antimicrobial property of Lactobacillus acidophilus NIT. Food Control. 20, 598-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.08.019
  59. Parvez, S., Malik, K. A., Kang, S. A., and Kim, H.-Y. (2006) Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. J. Appl. Microbiol. 100, 1171-1185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02963.x
  60. Perdigon, G., de Moreno de LeBlanc, A., Valdez, J., and Rachid, M. (2002) Role of yoghurt in the prevention of colon cancer. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 56 Suppl 3, S65-S68. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601490
  61. Perdigon, G., Medina, M., Vintini, E., and Valdez, J. C. (2001) Intestinal pathway of internalization of lactic acid bacterial and gut mucosal immuno-stimulation. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 13, 141-150.
  62. Pohjavuori, E., Viljanen, M., Korpela, R., Kuitunen, M., Tiittanen, M., Vaarala, O., and Savilahti, E. (2004) Lactobacillus GG effect in increasing IFN-gamma production in infants with cow's milk allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 114, 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.03.036
  63. Prescott, S. L., Dunstan, J. A., Hale, J., Breckler, L., Lehmann, H., Weston, S., and Richmond, P. (2005) Clinical effects of probiotics are associated with increased interferongamma responses in very young children with atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 35, 1557-1564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02376.x
  64. Quigley, E. M. M. (2007) Bacterial flora in irritable bowel syndrome: role in pathophysiology, implications for management. J. Dig. Dis. 8, 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1443-9573.2007.00277.x
  65. Rafter, J. (2002) Lactic acid bacteria and cancer: mechanistic perspective. Br. J. Nutr. 88, S89-S94. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002633
  66. Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Paglino, J., Eslami-Varzaneh, F., Edberg, S., and Medzhitov, R. (2004) Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell. 118, 229-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002
  67. Rastall, R. A. (2004) Bacteria in the gut: friends and foes and how to alter the balance. J. Nutr. 134, 2022S-2026S.
  68. Rautava, S. (2007) Potential uses of probiotics in the neonate. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 12, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2006.10.006
  69. Roessler, A., Friedrich, U., Vogelsang, H., Bauer, A., Kaatz, M., Hipler, U. C., Schmidt, I., and Jahreis, G. (2008) The immune system in healthy adults and patients with atopic dermatitis seems to be affected differently by a probiotic intervention. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 38, 93-102.
  70. Salmi, H., Kuitunen, M., Viljanen, M., and Lapatto, R. (2010) Cow's milk allergy is associated with changes in urinary organic acid concentrations. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. (in press).
  71. Salminen, S., Bouley, C., Boutron-Ruault, M. C., Cummings, J. H., Franck, A., Gibson, G. R., Isolauri, E., Moreau, M. C., Roberfroid, M., and Rowland, I. (1998) Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function. Br. J. Nutr. 80 Suppl 1, S147-S171. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19980108
  72. Salminen, S., Collado, M. C., Isolauri, E., and Gueimonde, M. (2009) Microbial-Host Interactions: Selecting the Right Probiotics and Prebiotics for Infants. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 64, 201-217. https://doi.org/10.1159/000235792
  73. Sartor, R. B. (2004) Therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microflora in inflammatory bowel diseases: antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. 126, 1620-1633. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.03.024
  74. Savilahti, E., Kuitunen, M., and Vaarala, O. (2008) Pre and probiotics in the prevention and treatment of food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 8, 243-248.
  75. Schatz, D. G., Oettinger, M. A., and Schlissel, M. S. (1992) V(D)J recombination: molecular biology and regulation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10, 359-383. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.iy.10.040192.002043
  76. Sheih, Y. H., Chiang, B. L., Wang, L. H., Liao, C. K., and Gill, H. S. (2001) Systemic immunity-enhancing effects in healthy subjects following dietary consumption of the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 20, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2001.10719027
  77. Shida, K., Kiyoshima-Shibata, J., Nagaoka, M., Watanabe, K., and Nanno, M. (2006) Induction of interleukin-12 by Lactobacillus strains having a rigid cell wall resistant to intracellular digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 3306-3317. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72367-0
  78. Takeda, K. and Okumura, K. (2007) Effects of a fermented milk drink containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the human NK-cell activity. J. Nutr. 137, 791S-793S.
  79. Tang, M. L. (2009) Probiotics and prebiotics: immunological and clinical effects in allergic disease. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 64, 219-238. https://doi.org/10.1159/000235793
  80. Vanderhoof, J. A. (2008) Probiotics in Allergy Management. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 47, S38-S40. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000338810.74933.c1
  81. Viljanen, M., Pohjavuori, E., Haahtela, T., Korpela, R., Kuitunen, M., Sarnesto, A., Vaarala, O., and Savilahti, E. (2005) Induction of inflammation as a possible mechanism of probiotic effect in atopic eczema-dermatitis syndrome. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115, 1254-1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.03.047
  82. Vinderola, G., Matar, C., and Perdigon, G. (2005) Role of intestinal epithelial cells in immune effects mediated by gram-positive probiotic bacteria: involvement of toll-like receptors. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 12, 1075-1084.
  83. Weizman, Z., Asli, G., and Alsheikh, A. (2005) Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents. Pediatrics. 115, 5-9.
  84. Wheeler, J. G., Bogle, M. L., Shema, S. J., Shirrell, M. A., Stine, K. C., Pittler, A. J., Burks, A. W., and Helm, R. M. (1997) Impact of dietary yogurt on immune function. Am. J. Med. Sci. 313, 120-123. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-199702000-00011
  85. Wichers, H. (2009) Immunomodulation by food: promising concept for mitigating allergic disease- J. Anal. Chem. 395,37-45.
  86. Wickens, K., Black, P. N., Stanley, T. V., Mitchell, E., Fitzharris, P., Tannock, G. W., Purdie, G., and Crane, J. (2008) A differential effect of 2 probiotics in the prevention of eczema and atopy: A double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 122, 788-794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.011
  87. Wright, P. J., Crameri, G., and Eaton, B. T. (2005) RNA synthesis during infection by Hendra virus: an examination by quantitative real-time PCR of RNA accumulation, the effect of ribavirin and the attenuation of transcription. Arch. Virol. 150, 521-532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-004-0417-5
  88. Yu, H., Park, E., Kim, J., Cho, S., Kim, Y., Park, H., and Ha, E. (2008) Relationship between cord blood level of IL-12 in preterm newborns and development of wheezing. Korean J. Pediatr. 51, 754-759. https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2008.51.7.754
  89. Zeiger, R. S. (2003) Food allergen avoidance in the prevention of food allergy in infants and children. Pediatrics. 111, 1662-1671.

Cited by

  1. Quality Characteristics of Sourdough Bread with Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Antibacterial Activity vol.26, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2013.26.2.199
  2. Potential probiotic properties of phytase-producing Lactobacillus salivarius FC113 vol.63, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-012-0503-y
  3. Alleviation of Atopic Dermatitis through Probiotic and Mixed-probiotic Treatments in an Atopic Dermatitis Model vol.31, pp.3, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.3.420
  4. Characteristics of Sourdough Bread Prepared using Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecium, and Lactobacillus acidophilus as a Combination Starter vol.18, pp.1, 2011, https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2011.18.1.091
  5. Sourdough and Bread Properties Utilizing Different Ratios of Probiotics and Yeast as Starters vol.43, pp.1, 2011, https://doi.org/10.9721/KJFST.2011.43.1.045