<종설>국내 시판 방진마스크는 나노입자에 적합한가?

Are Particulate Filtering Respirators Available in Korea Efficient for Nanoparticles?

  • 한돈희 (인제대학교 보건안전공학과)
  • Han, Don-Hee (Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Inje University)
  • 투고 : 2011.01.11
  • 심사 : 2011.02.08
  • 발행 : 2011.03.31

초록

There is widespread concern that particulate filtering respirators (PFRs) available in Korea will be efficient for nanoparticles. The purpose of this review study was to analyse research literature and recommend PFRs suitable for protection against nanoparticles. In all studies, respirators containing electret filter media (N95, P100 and FFP2, FFP3) consistently have their MPPS below 100 nm and particle penetration levels at the MPPS can vary widely, but they comply with NIOSH or EN certification criterion. Electret filtering facepieces respirators (FFRs) were found to shift in the Most-Penetrating Particle Size(MPPS) from 30-60 to 200-300 nm range after the electric charges were removed, and FFRs were above their minimum penetrations of criterion. Korean special class and first class FFRs (the same as FFP3 and FFP2, respectively) would be effcient for nanoparticles unless FFRs are removed electric charges. It is difficult to evaluate if mechanical PFRs is efficient for nanoparticles due to the lack of related materials.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 노동부. 보호구 의무안전인증 고시(노동부고시 제2008-77호); 2008, p103-124.
  2. Ambroise D, Wild P, Moulin J-J. Update of a meta-analysis on lung cancer and welding. Scand J Work Environ Health 2007;32(1) :22-31.
  3. Balazy A, Toivola M, Reponen T, Podgorski A, Zimmer A,Grinshpun SA. Manikin-based performance evaluationof N95 filtering-facepiece respirators challenged with nanoparticles. Ann Occup Hyg. 2006;50:259-269.
  4. BS EN. Respiratory protective devices. Filtering half masks to protect against particles. Requirements, testing, marking (BS EN 149). London, UK: BSI British Standards. 2001.
  5. BS EN. Respiratory protective devices?Methods for test-Part 7: determination of particle filter penetration (BS EN 13274-7). London, UK: BSI British Standards. 2008
  6. BS EN. Respiratory protective devices. Particle filters- Requirements, testing, marking (BS EN 143). London, UK: BSI British Standards. 2000.
  7. Duffin R, Tran CL, Clouter A, Brown DM, MacNee W, Stone V, Donaldson K. The importance of surface area and specific reactivity in the acute pulmonary inflammatory response to particles. Ann Occup Hyg 2002;46:242-245. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/46.suppl_1.242
  8. Eninger RM, Honda T, Reponen T, McKay R, Grinshpun SA. What does respirator certification tell us about filtration of ultrafine particles? J Occup Environ Hyg. 2008a; 5:286-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620801960153
  9. Eninger RM, Honda T, Adhikari A, Heinonen-Tanski H, Reponen T, Grinshpun SA. Filter performance of N99 and N95 facepiece respirators against viruses and ultrafine particles. Ann Occup Hyg. 2008b;52:385-396. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/men019
  10. Eshbaugh JP, Gardner PD, Richardson AW. N95 and P100 respirator filter efficiency under high constant and cyclic flow. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2009;6:52-61.
  11. Federal Register. Respiratory protective devices. Final Rules and Notice. 60:30335-98. 1995.
  12. Gardiner K, van Tongeren M, Harrington M. Respiratory health effects from exposure to carbon black: results of the phase 2 and 3 cross sectional studies in the European carbon black manufacturing industry. Occup Environ Med 2001; 58(8):496-503. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.8.496
  13. Garshick E, Laden F, Hart JE, Rosner B, Smith TJ, Dockery DW, Speizer FE. Lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112(15):1539-1543. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7195
  14. Golanski L, Guiot A, Tardif F (2008) Are conventional protective devices such as fibrous filter media, respirator cartridges, protective clothing and gloves also efficient for nanoparticles? In: European Strategy for Nanosafety, 2008;pp1-8.
  15. Hart JE, Laden F, Schenker MB, Garshick E. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality in diesel-exposed railroad workers. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(7):1013-1017. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8743
  16. Haruta H, Honda T, Eninger RM, Reponen T, McKay R,Grinsphun SA. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the performance of N95 respirator filters against ultrafine aerosol particles tested at constant and cyclic flow rates. J Int Soc Res Prot 2008; 25:75-88.
  17. Heim M, Millins BJ, Wild M, Meyer J. Filtration efficiency of aerosol particles below 20 nanometers. Aerosol Sci Technol 2005; 39:782-789. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500227373
  18. Hinds WC. Properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York. 1999.
  19. Huang SH, Chen CW, Chang CP, Lai CY, Chen CC. Penetration of 4.5 nm to 10 nm aerosol particles through fibrous filters. J Aerosol Sci. 2007; 38(7):719-727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.05.007
  20. Kim CS, Bao L, Okuyama K, Shimada S, Niinuma H. Filtration efficiency of a fibrous filter for nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 2006; 8:215-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-9017-x
  21. Kim SE, Harrington MS, Pui DYH. Experimental study of nanoparticles penetration through commercial filter media. J Nanopart Res 2007; 9:117-125.
  22. Kreiss K, Mroz MM, Zhen B, Wiedemann H, Barna B. Risks of beryllium disease related to work processes at a metal, alloy, and oxide production plant. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54(8):605-612. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.54.8.605
  23. Lison D, Lardot C, Huaux F, Zanetti G, Fubini B. Influence of particle surface area on the toxicity of insoluble manganese dioxide dusts. Arch Toxicol 1997;71(12):725-729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002040050453
  24. Martin SB Jr, Moyer ES. Electrostatic respirator filtermedia: filter efficiency and most penetrating particle size effects. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 2000;15:609-617. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473220050075617
  25. NIOSH. Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology: Managing the Health and Safety Concerns Associated with Engineered Nanomaterials. Available from:URL:http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ docs/2009-125/pdfs/2009-125.pdf; 2009.
  26. NIOSH. Procedure No. RCT-APR-STP-0051, 0052, 0053, 0054, 0055, 0056, Revision 1.1, Pittsburgh, PA: DHHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory. Available from: URL:http://www.cdc. gov/niosh/npptl/stps/pdfs/RCT-APR-0051%2052%2053 %2054%2055%2056.pdf; 2005b.
  27. NIOSH. Procedure no. RCT-APR-STP-0057, 0058, 0059, Revision 1.1, Pittsburgh, PA: DHHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/stps/pdfs/RCT-APR-0057%2058%2059.pdf; 2005a.
  28. Oberdoorster G, Ferin J, Gelein R, Soderholm SC, Finkelstein J. Role of the alveolar macrophage in lung injury-studies with ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 1992;97:193-199. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9297193
  29. Oberdoorster G, Ferin J, Lehnert BE. Correlation between particlesize, in-vivo particle persistence, and lung injury. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102(S5):173-179. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102s10173
  30. Oberdoorster G, Yu. The carcinogenic potential of inhaled diesel exhaust: a particle effect? J Aerosol Sci 1990;21:S397-S401. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(90)90265-Y
  31. Park RM, Bowler RM, Eggerth DE, Diamond E, Spencer KJ, Smith D, Gwiazda R . Issues in neurological risk assessment for occupational exposures: the Bay Bridge welders. Neurotoxicology 2006;27(3):373-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2005.10.010
  32. Rengasamy A, Verbofsky R, King WP, Shaffer RE. Nanoparticle penetration through NIOSH-approved N95 filtering-facepiece respirators. J Int Soc Res Prot. 2007; 24:49-59.
  33. Rengasamy S, Eimer B, Shaffer RE. Comparison of nanoparticle filtration performance of NIOSH-approved and CE marked filtering-facepiece respirators. Ann Occup Hyg 2009;53:117-128. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/men086
  34. Rengasamy S, Eimer B, Shaffer RE. Nanoparticle filtration performance of commercially available dust masks. J Int Soc Respir Prot 2008a; 25:27-41.
  35. Rengasamy S, King WP, Eimer B, Shaffer RE. Filtration performance of NIOSH-approved N95 and P100 filteringfacepiece respirators against 4-30 nanometer size nanoparticles. J Occup Environ Hyg 2008b; 5:556-564. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620802275387
  36. Renwick LC, Brown D, Clouter A, Donaldson K. Increased inflammation and altered macrophage chemotactic responses caused by two ultrafine particles. Occup Environ Med 2004;61:442-447. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2003.008227
  37. Steenland K, Deddens J, Stayner L. Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the trucking industry: exposure-response analyses and risk assessment. Am J Ind Med 1998;34(3):220-228. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199809)34:3<220::AID-AJIM3>3.0.CO;2-Z
  38. Tran C, Buchanan LD, Cullen RT, Searl A, Jones AD, Donaldson K. Inhalation of poorly soluble particles. II. Influence of particle surface area on inflammation and clearance. Inhal Toxicol 2000;12(12):1113-1126. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370050166796