ANNALS OF ANIMAL RESOURCE SCIENCES (동물자원연구)

Institute of Animal Life Science (강원대학교 동물생명과학연구소)
권호 표지

Therapeutic Potential of Embryonic Stem Cells-An Overview

배아줄기 세포의 치료능력

  • Shiwani, Supriya (Dept. of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Wang, Myeong-Hyeon (Dept. of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Singh, Naresh Kumar (Dept. of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University)
  • Published : 2011.06.30

⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass cells of blastocyst with the potential to maintain an undifferentiated state indefinitely. Fully characterized ES cell lines express typical stem cell markers, possess high levels of telomerase activity, show normal karyotype and have the potential to differentiate into numerous cell types under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Therefore, ES cells are potentially valuable for the development of cell transplantation therapies for the treatment of various diseases in animals as well as in humans. However, important problems associated with ES cells from in vitro fertilized blastocysts particularly from humans must be resolved before taking up its therapeutic applications. Current techniques for directed differentiation into somatic cell populations remain inefficient and yield heterogeneous cell populations. This review therefore focuses on ES cells with respect to in vitro propagation and differentiation in basic cell and developmental biology for successful use of these cells in therapeutics.

Keywords

References

  1. Assady, S., Maor, G., Amit, M., Itskovitz-Elder, J., Skorecki, K. L. and Tzukerman M. 2001. Insulin production by human embryonic stem cells. Diabetes. 50:1691-97. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1691
  2. Avilion, A. A., Nicoles, S. K., Pevny, L. H., Peuz, L., Vivian, N. and Lovell-badge, R. 2003. Multipotent cell lineages in early mouse development depend on SOX-2 function. Genes Dev. 17:126-140. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.224503
  3. Bar, T. 1983. Patterns of vascularization in the developing cerebral cortex. In Development of the vascular system, pp. 20-36. Ciba Foundation Symp. 100. London: Pitman Books.
  4. Behfar, A., Perez-Terzic, C., Faustino, R. S. 2007. Cardiopoietic programming of embryonic stem cells for tumor-free heart repair. J. Exp. Med. 204:405-20. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20061916
  5. Blyszczuk, P., Czyz, J., Kania, G., Wagnes, M., Roll, U., St Onge, L, Wobus, A. M. 2003. Expression of Pax-4 in embryonic stem cells promotes differentiation of nestin-positive progenitor and insulin producing cells. Pron Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 100:998-1003. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0237371100
  6. Bremel, R. D., Yom, H.C. and Bleck, G.T. 1989. Alteration of milk composition using molecular genetics. J. Dairy Sci. 72:2826-2833. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79428-5
  7. Brustle, O., Jones, K. N., Learish, R. D., Karram, K., Choudhary, K., Wiestler, O. D., Duncan, I. D. and McKay, R. D. 1999. Embryonic stem cells-derived glial precursor: a source of myelinating transplants. Sci. 285:754-756. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5428.754
  8. Brustle, O., Spiro, A. C., Karram, K., Choudhary, K., Okabe, S., McKay, R. D. 1997. In vitro generated neural precursors participate in mammalian brain development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:14809-14814. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.26.14809
  9. Cawpecchi, M R. 1989. Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Sci. 244:1288-1292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2660260
  10. Chapman, G., Remiszewski, J. L., Webb, G. C., Schulz, T. C., Bottema, C. D. and Rathjen, P. D. 1997. The mouse homeobox gene, Gbx 2: genomic organization and expression in pluripotent cells in vitro and in vivo. Genomics. 46:223-233. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1997.4969
  11. Coffin, J. D. and Poole, T. J. 1988. Embryonic vasculature development: immunohistochemical identification of the origin and subsequent morphogenesis of the major vessel primordia in quail embryos. Development 102:735-748.
  12. Cowan, C.A., Klimanskaya, I. and McMahon, J. 2004. Derivation of embryonic stem-cell lines from human blastocysts. N. Engl. J. Med. 350:1353-56. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr040330
  13. Evans, M. I. and Kaufman, M. H. 1981. Establishment in culture of pluripotent cells from mouse embryos. Nat. 1292:154-156.
  14. Fan, Y., Melhem, M. F. and Chaillet, J. R. 1991. Forced expression of the homeobox-containing gene Pem blocks differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Dev. Biol. 210:481-496.
  15. Fijnvandraat, A. C., vanGinnkken, A. C., Schumacher, C. A., Boheler, K. R., Lelanne Dupez, R. H., Christoffels, V. M. and Moorman, A. F. 2003. Cardiomyocytes purified from differentiated embryonic stem cells exhibit characteristics of early chamber myocardium. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 35:1461-1472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2003.09.011
  16. Foley, A. and Mercola, M. 2004. Heart induction: embryology to cardiomyocyte regeneration. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 14:121-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2004.01.003
  17. Gassmann, M., Donoho, G. and Berg, P. 1995. Maintenance of an extra-chromosomal plasmid vector in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1291-1296.
  18. Hochedlinger, K. and Jaenisch, R. 1999. Nuclear transplantation, embryonic stem cells and the potential for cell therapy. N. Eng. J. Med. 349:275-286.
  19. Hori, Y., Rulifson, I. C., Tsai, B. C, Heit, J. J., Cahoy, J. D. and Kim, S. K. 2002. Growth inhibitors promote differentiation of insulin-producing tissue from embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99:16105-10. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252618999
  20. Hosler, B. A., Rogers,, H. B., Kozak, C. A., Gudas, L. J. 1993. An octamer motif contributes to the expression of the retinoic acid regulated zinc finger gene Rex-1 (Zfp-42) in F9 teratocarcinoma. Mol. Cell Biol. 13:2919-2928. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.13.5.2919
  21. Houser, J. W., Ackerman, G. A. and Knouff, R. A. 1961. Vasculogenesis and erythropoiesis in the living yolk sac of the chick embryo. Anat. Rec. 140:29-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091400105
  22. Hubner, K., Fuhrmann, G., Christenson, L. K., Kehler, J., Reinbold, R., De La, F. R., Wood, J., Strauss, III. J. F., Boiani, M. and Scholer, H. R. 2003. Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells. Sci. 300:1251-1256. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083452
  23. Kahan, B. W., Jacobson, L. M. and Hullett, D. A. 2003. Pancreatic precursors and differentiated islet cell types from murine embryonic stem cells. Diabetes. 52:2016-24. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.52.8.2016
  24. Kania, G., Blyszczuk, P., Czyz, J., Navarrete-Santos, A. and Wobus, A. M. 2003. Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into pancreatic and hepatic cells. Meth. Enzymol. 365:287-303.
  25. Kehat, I., Kenyagin-Karsenti, D. and Snir, M. 2001. Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 108:407-14. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200112131
  26. Klug, M. G., Soonpaa, M. H., Koh, G. Y. and Field, L. J. 1996. Genetically selected cardiomyocytes from differentiating embryonic stem cells from stable intracardiac grafts. J. Clin. Invest. 98:21-224.
  27. Klug, M. G., Soonpaa, M. H., Koh, G. Y., Field, L. J. 1996. Genetically selected cardiomyocytes from differentiating embryonic stem cells from stable intracardiac grafts. J. Clin. Invest. 98:21-224.
  28. Leon-Queent, T., Jones, J., Skoudy, A., Burcin, M. and Soria, B. 2004. In vitro directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into insulin producing cells. Diabetologia. 47:1442-1451.
  29. Leor, J., Gerecht, S. and Cohen, S. 2007. Human embryonic stem cell transplantation to repair the infarcted myocardium. Heart. 93:1278-84. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2006.093161
  30. Lewis, A. J., Speer, V. C. and Haught, D. G. 1978. Relationship between yield and composition of sows milk and weight gains of nursing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 47:634-638. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1978.473634x
  31. Lumelsky, N., Blondel, O., Laeng, P., Vlesco, I., Ravion, R. and McKay, R. 2001. Differentiaion of embryonic stem cells to insulin-secreting structures similar to pancreatic islets. Sci. 292:1398-94.
  32. Martin, G R. 1981. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78:7634-7638. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.12.7634
  33. Min, J. Y., Yang, Y., Converso, K. L., Liu, L., Huang, Q., Morgan, J. P. and Xiao, Y. F. 2002. Tranplantation of embryonic stem cells improved cardiac function in post infracted rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 92:288-296. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1481962
  34. Miyazaki, S., Yamato, E. and Miyazaki, J. 2004 Regulated expression of pdx-1 promotes in vitro differentiation of insulin-producing cells from embryonic stem cells. Diabetes. 53:1030-37. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.53.4.1030
  35. Moritoh, Y., Yamato, E., Yasui, Y., Miyazaki, S. and Miyazaki, J. 2003. Analysis of insulin-producing cells during in vitro differentiation from feeder-free embryonic stem cells. Diabetes. 52:1163-68. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1163
  36. Mummery, C., Ward-van Oostwaard, D. and Doevendans, P. 2003. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocytes: role of coculture with visceral endoderm-like cells. Circulation. 107:2733-40. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000068356.38592.68
  37. Noden, D. M. 1991. Development of craniofacial blood vessels. In the Development of the Vascular System, (ed. R. N. Feinberg, G. K. Sherer, and R. Auerbach), pp. 1-24.
  38. Nussbaum, J., Minami, E. and Laflamme, M.A. 2007. Transplantation of undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells in the heart: teratoma formation and immune response. FASEB J. 21:1345-57. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.06-6769com
  39. Pardanaud, L., Yassine, F. and Dieterien-Lievre, F. 1989. Relationship between vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and haemopoiesis during avian ontogeny. Development. 105:473-485.
  40. Pursel, V. G. and Rexroad, C. E. 1993. Status of research with transgenic farm animals. J. Anim. Sci. 71(Suppl. 3):10-19. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.71suppl_310x
  41. Putnam, A. J. and Mooney, D. J. 1996. Tissue engineering using synthetic extracellular matrices. Nat. Med. 2:824-826. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0796-824
  42. Rajagopal, J., Anderson, W. J., Kume, S., Martinez, O. I. and Melton, D. A. 2003. Insulin staining of ES cell progeny from insulin uptake. Sci. 299:363.
  43. Risau, W. and Lemmon, V. 1988. Changes in the vascular extracellular matrix during embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Dev. Biol. 125:441-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(88)90225-4
  44. Rodda S, Sharma S, Scherer M, Chapman G, Rathjen P. CRTR-1, a develpomentally regulated transcriptional repressor related to the CP2 family of transcription factors. 2001. J. Biol. Chem. 276:3324-3332. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M008167200
  45. Rogers, M. B., Hosler, B. A. and Gudas, L. J. 1991. Specific expression of a retinoic caid-regulated, zinc-finger gene, Rex-1 in preimplantation embryos, trophoblast and spermatocytes. Development. 113:815-824.
  46. Sabin, F. R. 1920. Studies on the origin of the blood vessels and of red blood corpuscles as seen in the riving blastoderm of chick during the second day of incubation. Contrib. Embryol. Carnegie Inst. 9:215-262.
  47. Segev, H., Fishman, B., Ziskind, A., Shulman, M. and Itskovitz-Eldor, J. 2004. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into insulin-producing clusters. Stem Cells. 22:265-74. https://doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.22-3-265
  48. Sipione, S., Eshpeter, A., Lyon, J. G., Korbutt, G. S. and Bleackley, R. C. 2004. Insulin expressing cells from differentiated embryonic stem cells are not beta cells. Diabetologia. 47:499-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-004-1349-z
  49. Smithies, O. 1985. Insertion of DNA sequences into the human chromosomal beta-globin locus by homologous recombination. Nat. 317:230-234. https://doi.org/10.1038/317230a0
  50. Soria, B. and Skoudy, A. and Martin F. 2001. From stem cells to beta cells. Diabetologia. 44:407-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001250051636
  51. Stewart, P. A. and Wiley, M. J. 1981. Developing nervous tissue induces formation of blood-brain barrier characteristics in invading endothelial cells: a study using quail-chick transplantation chimeras. Dev. Biol. 84:183-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(81)90382-1
  52. Stoffel, M., Vallier, L. and Pedersen, R. A. 2004. Navigating the pathway from embryonic stem cells to beta cells. Semin Cell Dev. Biol. 15:327-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2004.02.002
  53. Sutton, J., Costa R., Klug, M., Field. L., Xu, D., Largaes pada, D. A., Fletcher, C. F., Jentkins, N. A., Copeland, N. G., Klemz, M., Hromas, R. 1996. Genesis, a winged helix transcriptional repressor with expression restricted to embryonic stem cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:23126-23133. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.38.23126
  54. Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R. 1987. Site directed mutragenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells. Cell. 51:503-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(87)90646-5
  55. Thomas, K. R. and Capecchi, M. R. 1990. Targeted disruption of the murine int-1 proto-oncogene resulting in severe abnormalities in midbrain and cerebellar development. Nat. 346:847-850. https://doi.org/10.1038/346847a0
  56. Thomson, J. A., Itskovitz-Eldor. J., Shapiro, S. S., Waknitz, M. A., Swiergiel, J. J., Marshall, V. S. and Jones, J. M. 1998. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Sci. 282:1145-1147. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5391.1145
  57. Toyooka, V., Tsunekawa, N., Akasu, R. and Nou, T. 2003. Embryonic stem cells can form germ cells in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100:11457-11462. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1932826100
  58. Wagner, R. C. 1980. Endothelial cell embryology and growth. Adv. Microcirc. 9:45-75.
  59. Wheeler, M. B. and Choi, S. J. 1997. Embryonic stem cells and transgenics: Recent advances. Arch. Fac. Vet. Universidade Federal, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 25:64-83.
  60. Wheeler, M. B. and Walters, E. M. 2001. Transgenic Technology and applications in Swine. Theriogenology. 56:1345-1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00635-5
  61. Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A. E., Mc Whir, J., Kind, A. J. and Campbell, K. H. 1997. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nat. 385:810 -813. https://doi.org/10.1038/385810a0
  62. Yanagimachi, R. 2002. Cloning: experience from the mouse and other animals. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 187:241-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00697-9
  63. Zandstra, P. W., Bauwens, C. and Yin, T. 2003. Scalable production of embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Tissue Eng. 9:767-78. https://doi.org/10.1089/107632703768247449