DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

COUNTING STATISTICS MODIFIED BY TWO DEAD TIMES IN SERIES

  • Choi, H.D. (Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2010.10.25
  • Accepted : 2011.01.12
  • Published : 2011.06.25

Abstract

Counting statistics modified by introducing two dead times in series under a Poisson input distribution are discussed. A previous study examined the two cases of series combinations of nonextended-extended (NE-E) and extended-extended (EE) dead times. The present study investigated the remaining two cases of extended-nonextended (E-NE) and nonextended-nonextended (NE-NE) dead times. For the three time origins of the counting processes - ordinary, equilibrium, and shifted processes - a set of formulae was newly developed from a general formulation and presented for the event time interval densities, total densities, and exact mean and variance of the counts in a given counting duration. The asymptotic expressions for the mean and variance of the counts, which are most convenient for applications, were fully listed. The equilibrium mean count rates distorted by the three dead times in series were newly derived from the information obtained in these studies. An application of the derived formulae is briefly discussed.

Keywords

References

  1. R. Jost, "Bemerkungen zur mathematischen Theorie der Zähler," Helv. Phys. Acta. 20, pp. 173-182 (1947).
  2. W. Feller, "On Probability Problems in the Theory of Counters," Courant Anniversary Volume, pp. 105-115, Interscience, New York (1948).
  3. NCRP Report No. 58, "A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures," 2nd ed., p. 60, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, USA (1985).
  4. G. F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3rd ed., pp. 119-127, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989).
  5. ICRU Report No. 52, "Particle Counting in Radioactivity Measurements," p. 80, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, USA (1994).
  6. A. E. Ruark and F. E. Brammer, "The Efficiency of Counters and Counter Circuits," Phys. Rev. 52, pp. 322-324 (1937). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.52.322
  7. L. Kosten, "On the frequency distribution of the number of discharges counted by a Geiger-Müller counter in a constant interval," Physica X, no. 9, pp. 749-756 (1943).
  8. L. L. Campbell, "Standard Deviation of Dead Time Correction in Counters," Can. J. Phys. 34, pp. 929-937 (1956). https://doi.org/10.1139/p56-103
  9. I. De Lotto, P. F. Manfredi, P. Principi, "Counting statistics and dead-time losses, Part 1," Energia Nucleare 11, pp. 557-564 (1964).
  10. J. W. Muller, "On the interval-distribution for recurrent events with a non-extended dead time," Report BIPM- 105, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France (1967).
  11. A. F. Para, M. M. Bettoni, "Counting statistics of nuclear detectors," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 70, pp. 52-56 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(69)90179-7
  12. J. W. Muller, "Counting statistics of a Poisson process with dead time," Report BIPM-111, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France (1970).
  13. J. W. Müller, "Interval densities for extended dead times," Report BIPM-112, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France (1971).
  14. J. W. Muller, "Dead-time problems," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 112, pp. 47-57 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(73)90773-8
  15. J. W. Müller, "Some formulae for a dead-time-distorted Poisson process: To Andre Allisy on the completion of his first half century," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 117, pp. 401-404 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(74)90283-3
  16. J. Libert, "Statistique de comptage : A propos d'une experience recente," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 126, pp. 589-590 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(75)90814-9
  17. D. R. Cox, Renewal Theory, Methuen, London (1962).
  18. S. Pomme, B. Denecke, J.-P. Alzetta, "Influence of pileup rejection on nuclear counting, viewed from the time-domain perspective," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 426, pp. 564-582 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00016-9
  19. D. F. Cowell, M. M. Sandomire, M. S. Eichen, "Automatic Compensation of Dead Time in Pulse Analysis Equipment," Anal. Chem. 32, pp. 1086-1090 (1960). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60165a011
  20. M. O. Deighton, "Statistical errors arising from use of a gated pulse train for total live time measurement during pulse amplitude analysis," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 14, pp. 48-52 (1961). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(61)90051-9
  21. O. U. Anders, "Experiences with the Ge(Li) detector for high-resolution gamma ray spectrometry and a practical approach to the pulse pileup problem," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 68, pp. 205-208 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(69)90220-1
  22. M. Wiernik, "Normal and random pulse generators for the correction of dead-time losses in nuclear spectrometry," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 96, pp. 325-329 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(71)90324-7
  23. J. Harms, "Automatic dead-time correction for multichannel pulse-height analyzers at a variable counting rates," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 53, pp. 192-196 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(67)91356-0
  24. G. P. Westphal, "On the performance of loss-free counting - A method for real-time compensation of dead-time and pile-up losses in nuclear pulse spectroscopy," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 163, pp. 189-196 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(79)90049-1
  25. E. Schönfeld, H. Janssen, "Precise measurement of dead time," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 339, pp. 137-143 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)91793-0
  26. J. Bouchard, "MTR2: A discriminator and dead-time module used in counting systems," Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 52, pp. 441-446 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-8043(99)00192-X
  27. C. Michotte, M. Nonis, "Experimental comparison of different dead-time correction techniques in single-channel counting experiments," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 608, pp. 163-168 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.06.010
  28. K. R. D. Mylon, G. W. McBeth, "Radioactive decay viewed through an extending dead time," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. 217, pp. 459-464 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5087(83)90756-1
  29. M. M. R. Williams, Random Processes in Nuclear Reactors, pp. 26-49, Pergamon, Oxford (1974).
  30. T. Hazama, "Practical correction of dead time effect in variance-to-mean ratio measurement," Annals of Nuclear Energy 30, pp. 615-631 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4549(02)00091-9
  31. C. Berglöf, M. Fernández-Ordóñez, D. Villamarín, V. Bécares, E.M. González-Romero, V. Bournos, J.-L. Muñoz- Cobo, "Auto-correlation and variance-to-mean measurements in a subcritical core obeying multiple alpha-modes," Annals of Nuclear Energy 38, pp. 194-202 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2010.11.009
  32. C. E. Cohn, "The effect of deadtime on counting errors," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 41, pp. 338-340 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(66)90021-8
  33. S. Pommé, "Cascades of pile-up and dead time," Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 66, pp. 941-947 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.02.038
  34. J. W. Müller, ed., "Bibliography on dead-time effects," Report BIPM-81/11, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France (1981).
  35. E. Funck, "Dead time effects from linear amplifiers and discriminators in single detector systems," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 245, pp. 519-524 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(86)91291-X
  36. I. De Lotto, P. F. Manfredi, P. Principi, "Counting statistics and dead-time losses, Part 2," Energia Nucleare 11, pp. 599-611 (1964).
  37. I. De Lotto, P. F. Manfredi, "Counting-losses introduced by the cascade connection of two paralyzable-counters," Energia Nucleare 12, pp. 102-103 (1965).
  38. J. W. Müller, "On the influence of two consecutive dead times," Report BIPM-106, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France (1968).
  39. J. W. Muller, "On the effect of two extended dead times in series," Report BIPM-72/9, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France (1972).
  40. H. D. Choi, "Counting statistics distorted by two dead times in series which end with an extended type dead time," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 599, pp. 251-259 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.11.003
  41. J. H. Lee, I. J. Kim, H. D. Choi, "On the dead time problem of a GM counter," Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 67, pp. 1094-1098 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.01.074
  42. M. Abramowitz, I. A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Chap. 29, Dover Publications, Inc., New York (1970).
  43. J. W. Muller, "Une nouvelle maniere de calculer les pertes de comptage dues a un temps mort non cumulatif," Report BIPM-73/4, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France (1973).
  44. W. C. Elmore, "Statistics of Counting," Nucleonics 6, n. 1, pp. 26-34 (1950).
  45. J. W. Muller, "Sur l'arrangement en serie de deux temps morts de types diffèrents," Report BIPM-73/9, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France (1973).
  46. J. Libert, "Statistique de comptage du compteur libre," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 130, pp. 615-616 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(75)90068-3
  47. J. W. Muller, "Asymptotic results for a modified renewal process and their application to counting distributions," Report BIPM-77/1, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France (1977).
  48. C. Berglof, "On Measurement and Monitoring of Reactivity in Subcritical Reactor Systems," Doctoral Thesis in Physics, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden (2010). Available at http://urn.kb.se/ resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12483.

Cited by

  1. Detector Dead Time Determination and Optimal Counting Rate for a Detector Near a Spallation Source or a Subcritical Multiplying System vol.2012, pp.1687-6083, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/240693
  2. P value estimation for a dead time distorted Poisson distribution measured using a nuclear radiation counting system pp.1588-2780, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-014-3731-8
  3. Uncertainty of nuclear counting vol.52, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/52/3/S3
  4. The uncertainty of the half-life vol.52, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/52/3/S51