Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회지)

Korean Society of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회)
권호 표지

Quantitative Analysis of Seoul Green Space Network with the Application of Graph Theory

그래프 이론을 적용한 서울시 녹지 연결망의 정량적 분석

  • Kang, Wan-Mo (Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University) ;
  • Park, Chan-Ryul (Division of Forest Ecology, Korea Forest Research Institute)
  • 강완모 (서울대학교 환경대학원) ;
  • 박찬열 (국립산림과학원 산림생태연구과)
  • Received : 2011.04.30
  • Accepted : 2011.06.05
  • Published : 2011.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was conducted to quantitatively analyze the temporal change of green space network at multi-scales from 1975 to 2006 with the application of graph theory in Seoul, Korea. Remarkable change of connectivity was detected in green space networks at the scale ranging from 1,000 ~ 1,600 m during 30 years. Green spaces and their networks have been restoring after 1990 since forest areas had been fragmented in 1975. In 2006, we identified the important core habitat areas that can sustain diverse wildlife species and stepping stones composed of small patches that can link these core habitat areas. Green spaces showed high correlation with the relative importance value of green space connectivity. So, this study could graphically represent green space networks of Seoul City. Green spaces of core areas distributed at the northern and southern boundary, and those of stepping stones possessing the high value of betweenness centrality consisted at the middle, eastern and western boundary. These results indicate that green space network can be graphically and quantitatively explained by degree centrality, betweenness centrality and relative importance value of connectivity with the application of graph theory.

본 연구는 1975년부터 2006년까지 서울시 녹지 연결망의 시계열 변화를 그래프 이론을 적용하여 공간의 다중규모(multi-scale)에서 정량적으로 분석하였다. 분석대상 시기 동안, 서울시 녹지 연결망의 변화가 크게 나타난 공간 규모는 녹지 간 1,000 ~ 1,600 m 거리였다. 1990년 이후 난개발로 단편화되고 훼손되었던 녹지들과 연결망이 점차 복원되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 2006년 개별 녹지의 연결망 분석을 통해, 핵심 녹지와 징검다리 녹지의 두 가지 유형의 녹지 연결망 분포를 확인하였다. 서울시 녹지 분포는 연결성 중요도 지수와 상관관계가 높아서, 남쪽과 북쪽의 가장자리에 핵심 녹지가 분포하고 동쪽, 서쪽, 중앙에 매개 중심성이 높은 징검다리 녹지가 분포함을 정량적으로 표현할 수 있었다. 따라서 서울시 녹지 연결망은 그래프 이론을 적용하여 연결 중심성, 매개 중심성, 연결 중요도 지수 등으로 정량적으로 표현될 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Achard, F., H.D. Eva, H.J. Stibig, P. Mayaux, J. Gallego, T. Richards and J.P. Malingreau(2002) Determination of Deforestation Rates of the World's Humid Tropical Forests. Science 297: 999-1002. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1070656
  2. Andersson, E. and O. Bodin(2009) Practical Tool for Landscape Planning? An Empirical Investigation of Network Based Models of Habitat Fragmentation. Ecography 32: 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2008.05435.x
  3. Andren, H.(1994) Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Birds and Mammals in Landscapes with Different Proportions of Suitable Habitat - a Review. Oikos 71: 355-366. https://doi.org/10.2307/3545823
  4. Bengtsson, J., P. Angelstam, T. Elmqvist, U. Emanuelsson, C. Folke, M. Ihse, F. Moberg and M. Nystrom(2003) Reserves, Resilience and Dynamic Landscapes. Ambio. 32(6): 389-396.
  5. Bunn, A., D. Urban and T. Keitt(2000) Landscape Connectivity: A Conservation Application of Graph Theory. J. Environ. Manage. 59: 265-278. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2000.0373
  6. Calabrese, J.M. and W.F. Fagan(2004) A Comparison-shopper's Guide to Connectivity Metrics. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2(10): 529-536. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0529:ACGTCM]2.0.CO;2
  7. Donnelly, R. and J. Marzluff(2006) Relative Importance of Habitat Quantity, Structure, and Spatial Pattern to Birds in Urbanizing Environments. Urban. Ecosystems. 9(2): 99-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-006-7904-2
  8. Drinnan, I.(2005) The Search for Fragmentation Thresholds in a Southern Sydney Suburb. Biol. Conserv. 124(3): 339-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.040
  9. Estrada, E. and O. Bodin(2008) Using Network Centrality Measures to Manage Landscape Connectivity. Ecol. Appl. 18(7): 1810-1825. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1419.1
  10. Fall, A., M. Fortin, M. Manseau and D. O'Brien(2007) Spatial Graphs: Principles and Applications for Habitat Connectivity. Ecosystems. 10(3): 448-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9038-7
  11. Fahrig, L.(2001) How Much Habitat is Enough? Biol. Conserv. 100: 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00208-1
  12. Foley, J., R. DeFries, G. Asner, C. Barford, G. Bonan, S. Carpenter, F. Chapin, M. Coe, G. Daily, H. Gibbs, J. Helkowski, T. Holloway, E. Howard, C. Kucharik, C. Monfreda, J. Patz, I. Prentice, N. Ramankutty and P. Snyder(2005) Global Consequences of Land Use. Science. 309: 570-574. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772
  13. Freeman, L.(1979) Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarification. Soc. Networks. 1(3): 215-239.
  14. Galpern, P., M, Manseau and A. Fall(2011) Patch-based Graphs of Landscape Connectivity: A Guide to Construction, Analysis and Application for Conservation. Biol. Conserv. 144(1): 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.002
  15. Hilty, J., W. Lidicker, A. Merenlender and A. Dobson(2006) Corridor Ecology: The Science and Practice of Linking Landscapes for Biodiversity Conservation. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
  16. Jeon, S.W., J.Y. Chun, H.C. Seong, W.K. Song and J.H. Park(2010) A Study on the Setting Criteria and Management Area for the National Ecological Network. J. Korean Env. Res. Tech. 13(5): 154-171. (in Korean with English abstract)
  17. Joly, P., C. Moreand and A. Cohas(2003) Habitat Fragmentation and Amphibian Conservation: Building a Tool for Assessing Landscape Matrix Connectivity. C. R. Biol. 326: 132-139.
  18. Korea Forest Service(2007) Basic Statistics of Korea Forest. Korea Forest Service, Daejon, Korea. (in Korean)
  19. Lee, J.T. and S. Thompson(2005) Targeting Sites for Habitat Creation: an Investigation into Alternative Scenarios. Landsc. Urban. Plan. 71: 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.01.004
  20. Manel, S., M.K. Schwartz, G. Luikart and P. Taberlet(2003) Landscape Genetics: Combining Landscape Ecology and Population Genetics. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 18: 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00008-9
  21. McGarigal, K. and B.J. Marks(1995) FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Quantifying Landscape Structure. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report PNW-351, 122pp.
  22. Meffe, G.K., L.A. Nielsen, R.L. Knight and D.A. Schenborn(2002) Ecosystem Management: Adaptive, Community-based Conservation. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
  23. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(2003) Ecosystems and Human Well-being. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
  24. Minor, E. and D. Urban(2007) Graph Theory as a Proxy for Spatially Explicit Population Models in Conservation Planning. Ecol. Appl. 17(6): 1771-1782. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1073.1
  25. Minor, E. and D. Urban(2008) A Graph-theory Framework for Evaluating Landscape Connectivity and Conservation planning. Conserv. Biol. 22(2): 297-307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00871.x
  26. Minor, E. and T. Lookingbill(2010) A Multiscale Network Analysis of Protected-Area Connectivity for Mammals in the United States. Conserv. Biol. 24(6): 1549-1558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01558.x
  27. Pascual-Hortal, L. and S. Saura(2006) Comparison and Development of New Graph-based Landscape Connectivity Indices: Towards the Priorization of Habitat Patches and Corridors for Conservation. Landscape. Ecol. 21(7): 959-967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-006-0013-z
  28. R Development Core Team(2010) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
  29. Taylor, P., L. Fahrig, K. Henein and G. Merriam(1993) Connectivity is a Vital Element of Landscape Structure. Oikos 68(3): 571-573. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544927
  30. Soule, M.E.(1986) Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
  31. Sutherland, G., A. Harestad, K. Price and K. Lertzman(2000) Scaling of Natal Dispersal Distances in Terrestrial Birds and Mammals. Conserv. Ecol. 4(1): 16.
  32. Theobald, D.M.(2001) Topology Revisited: Representing Spatial Relations. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 15(8): 689-705. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810110074519
  33. Urban, D., E. Minor, E. Treml and R. Schick(2009) Graph Models of Habitat Mosaics. Ecol. Lett. 12(3): 260-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01271.x
  34. Walker, B.H. and D.A. Salt(2006) Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.