Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

American Ginseng: Research Developments, Opportunities, and Challenges

  • Punja, Zamir K. (Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University)
  • Received : 2011.05.11
  • Accepted : 2011.07.09
  • Published : 2011.09.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is grown in some regions of the USA and Canada and marketed for its health promoting attributes. While cultivation of this plant species has taken place in North America for over 100 years, there are many challenges that need to be addressed. In this article, the current production method used by growers is described and the challenges and opportunities for research on this valuable plant are discussed. These include studies on pharmacological activity, genetic diversity within the species, genetic improvement of currently grown plants, molecular characterization of gene expression, and management of diseases affecting plant productivity. The current research developments in these areas are reviewed and areas requiring further work are summarized. Additional research should shed light on the nature of the bioactive compounds and their clinical effects, and the molecular basis of active ingredient biosynthesis, and provide more uniform genetic material as well as improved plant growth, and potentially reduce losses due to pathogens.

Keywords

References

  1. Christensen LP. Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Adv Food Nutr Res 2009;55:1-99.
  2. Proctor JT, Bailey WG. Ginseng: industry, botany, and culture. In: Janick J. Horticultural reviews. Vol. 9. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987. p.188-236.
  3. Wen J. Species diversity, nomenclature, phylogeny, biogeography, and classification of the ginseng genus (Panax L., Araliaceae). In: Punja ZK, ed. Proceedings of the International Ginseng Workshop: utilization of biotechnological, genetic and cultural approaches for North American and Asian ginseng improvement. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University Press, 2001. p.67-88.
  4. Schluter C, Punja ZK. Floral biology and seed production in cultivated North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). J Am Soc Hort Sci 2000;125:567-575.
  5. Yuan CS, Wang CZ, Wicks SM, Qi LW. Chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on American ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2010;34:160-167. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.160
  6. Attele AS, Wu JA, Yuan CS. Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem Pharmacol 1999;58:1685-1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00212-9
  7. Li TS. Asian and American ginseng: a review. HortTechnology 1995;5:27-34.
  8. Li TS, Mazza, G, Cottrell AC, Gao L. Ginsenosides in roots and leaves of American ginseng. J Agric Food Chem 1996;44:717-720. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf950309f
  9. Court WA, Reynolds LB, Hendel JG. Influence of root age on the concentration of ginsenosides of Amreican ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). Can J Plant Sci 1996;76:853-855. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-144
  10. Qu C, Bai Y, Jin X, Wang Y, Zhang K, You J, Zhang H. Study on ginsenosides in different parts and ages of Panax quinquefolius L. Food Chem 2009;115:340-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.079
  11. Smith RG, Caswell D, Carriere A, Zielke B. Variation in the ginsenoside content of American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., roots. Can J Bot 1996;74:1616-1620. https://doi.org/10.1139/b96-195
  12. Schlag EM, McIntosh MS. Ginsenoside content and variation among and within American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) populations. Phytochemistry 2006;67:1510- 1519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.028
  13. Choi KT, Kwon WS, Lee SS, Lee JH, Lee MG. Development of new varieties of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). In: Punja ZK, ed. Proceedings of the International Ginseng Workshop: utilization of biotechnological, genetic and cultural approaches for North American and Asian ginseng improvement. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University Press, 2001. p.47-52.
  14. Schluter C, Punja ZK. Genetic diversity among natural and cultivated field populations and seed lots of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) in Canada. Int J Plant Sci 2002;163:427-439. https://doi.org/10.1086/339512
  15. Bai D, Brandle J, Reeleder R. Genetic diversity in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) grown in Ontario detected by RAPD analysis. Genome 1997;40:111- 115. https://doi.org/10.1139/g97-015
  16. Boehm CL, Harrison HC, Jung G, Nienhuis J. Organization of American and Asian ginseng germplasm using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. J Am Soc Hort Sci 1999;124:252-256.
  17. Brown DC, Zhou S, Bhinu VS, Arnason JT, Mcintyre KL. Development and characterization of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) germplasm. In: Yang DC, Kim SK, Oh HI, eds. Advances in ginseng research 2010. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Ginseng. Seoul: Korean Society of Ginseng, 2010. p.644-660.
  18. Lui EM, Brown DC. New technologies for ginseng agriculture and product development: perspective of the Ontario Ginseng Innovation and Research Consortium. In: Yang DC, Kim SK, Oh HI, eds. Advances in ginseng research 2010. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Ginseng. Seoul: Korean Society of Ginseng, 2010. p.661-674.
  19. Tirajoh A, Kyung TS, Punja ZK. Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 1998;34:203-211.
  20. Punja ZK, Feeney M, Schluter C, Tautorus T. Multiplication and germination of somatic embryos of American ginseng derived from suspension cultures and biochemical and molecular analyses of plantlets. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 2004;40:329-338. https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2004532
  21. Brown DC, Amyot L, Rintoul T. Micropropagation of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.): from the test-tube to the field. In: Punja ZK, ed. Proceedings of the International Ginseng Workshop: utilization of biotechnological, genetic and cultural approaches for North American and Asian ginseng improvement. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University Press, 2001. p.163-178.
  22. Choi YE, Yang DC, Yoon ES, Choi KT. High-efficiency plant production via direct somatic single embryogenesis from preplasmolysed cotyledons of Panax ginseng and possible dormancy of somatic embryos. Plant Cell Rep 1999;18:493-499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050610
  23. Zhou S, Brown DC. High efficiency plant production of North American ginseng via somatic embryogenesis from cotyledon explants. Plant Cell Rep 2006;25:166-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0043-z
  24. Chen WP, Punja ZK. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of American ginseng with a rice chitinase gene. Plant Cell Rep 2002;20:1039-1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-002-0446-z
  25. Chen WP, Punja ZK. Introduction and expression of a thaumatin-like protein from rice in American ginseng following Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. J Ginseng Res 2003;27:17-23. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2003.27.1.017
  26. Punja ZK. Genetic engineering of plants to enhance resistance to fungal pathogens: a review of progress and future prospects. Can J Plant Pathol 2001;23:216-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060660109506935
  27. Choi HK, Wen JA. A phylogenetic analysis of Panax (Araliaceae): integrating evidence of chloroplast DNA and the ITS sequences of nrDNA. Plant Syst Evol 2000;224:109-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985269
  28. Wen J, Zimmer EA. Phylogeny and biogeography of Panax L. (the ginseng genus, Araliaceae): inferences from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Mol Phylogen Evol 1996;6:166-177.
  29. Ngan F, Shaw P, But P, Wang J. Molecular authentication of Panax species. Phytochemistry 1999;50:787-791. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00606-2
  30. Shaw PC, But PP. Authentication of Panax species and their adulterants by random-primed polymerase chain reaction. Planta Med 1995;61:466-469. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-958138
  31. Shaw PC, Ha WY, Yau FC, But PP, Wang J. Authentication of Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. In: Punja ZK, ed. Proceedings of the International Ginseng Workshop: utilization of biotechnological, genetic and cultural approaches for North American and Asian ginseng improvement. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University Press, 2001. p.113-118.
  32. Goswami RS, Punja ZK. Molecular and biochemical characterization of defense responses in ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) roots challenged with Fusarium equiseti. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 2008;72:10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2008.04.006
  33. Wu Q, Song J, Sun Y, Suo F, Li C, Luo H, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Yao H et al. Transcript profiles of Panax quinquefolius from flower, leaf and root bring new insights into genes related to ginsenosides biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation. Physiol Plant 2010;138:134-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01309.x
  34. Sun C, Li Y, Wu Q, Luo H, Sun Y, Song J, Lui EM, Chen S. De novo sequencing and analysis of the American ginseng root transcriptome using a GS FLX Titanium platform to discover putative genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2010;11:262. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-262
  35. Jung JD, Park HW, Hahn Y, Hur CG, In DS, Chung HJ, Liu JR, Choi DW. Discovery of genes for ginsenoside biosynthesis by analysis of ginseng expressed sequence tags. Plant Cell Rep 2003;22:224-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-003-0678-6
  36. Choi DW, Jung J, Ha YI, Park HW, In DS, Chung HJ, Liu JR. Analysis of transcripts in methyl jasmonate-treated ginseng hairy roots to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of ginsenosides and other secondary metabolites. Plant Cell Rep 2005;23:557-566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-004-0845-4
  37. Punja ZK. Fungal pathogens of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in British Columbia. Can J Plant Pathol 1997;19:301-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669709500528
  38. Rahman M, Punja ZK. Factors influencing development of root rot on ginseng caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans. Phytopathology 2005;95:1381-1390. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-95-1381
  39. Seifert KA, McMullen CR, Yee D, Reeleder RD, Dobinson KF. Molecular differentiation and detection of ginseng-adapted isolates of the root rot fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans. Phytopathology 2003;93:1533-1542. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.12.1533
  40. Punja ZK, Wan A, Goswami RS. Root rot and distortion of ginseng seedling roots caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Can J Plant Pathol 2008;30:565-574. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060660809507556
  41. Punja ZK, Wan A, Goswami RS, Verma N, Rahman M, Barasubiye T, Seifert KA, Levesque CA. Diversity of Fusarium species associated with discolored ginseng roots in British Columbia. Can J Plant Pathol 2007;29:340-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060660709507480
  42. Punja ZK, Wan A, Rahman M, Goswami RS, Barasubiye T, Seifert KA, Levesque CA. Growth, population dynamics, and diversity of Fusarium equiseti in ginseng fields. Eur J Plant Pathol 2008;121:173-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-007-9261-2
  43. Reeleder RD, Brammal RA. Pathogenicity of Pythium species, Cylindrocarpon destructans, and Rhizoctonia solani to ginseng seedlings in Ontario. Can J Plant Pathol 1994;16:311-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669409500736
  44. Reeleder RD, Roy R, Capell, B. Seed and root rots of ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium spp. J Ginseng Res 2002;26:151-158. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2002.26.3.151
  45. Jayaraj J, Rahman M, Wan A, Punja ZK. Enhanced resistance to foliar fungal pathogens in carrot by application of elicitors. Ann Appl Biol 2009;155:71-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2009.00321.x
  46. Chatterton S, Jayaraj J, Punja ZK. Colonization of cucumber plants by the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata. Biol Control 2008;46:267-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.02.007
  47. Rahman M, Punja ZK. Biochemistry of ginseng root tissues affected by rusty root symptoms. Plant Physiol Biochem 2005;43:1103-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.09.004

Cited by

  1. Regulation and differential expression of protopanaxadiol synthase in Asian and American ginseng ginsenoside biosynthesis by RNA interferences vol.71, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-013-9821-8
  2. Morphological and Biochemical Changes in Ginseng Seedling Roots Affected with Stripe Symptoms vol.06, pp.16, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2015.616257
  3. Characterization of resistance to multiple fungicides in Botrytis cinerea populations from Asian ginseng in northeastern China vol.144, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0786-5
  4. Practical application of DNA markers for high-throughput authentication of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius from commercial ginseng products vol.38, pp.2, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.017
  5. Panax quinquefolius: An overview of the contaminants vol.11, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2014.11.013
  6. Sepia ink oligopeptide induces apoptosis and growth inhibition in human lung cancer cells vol.8, pp.14, 2017, https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.15539
  7. Changes in the soil microbial community are associated with the occurrence of Panax quinquefolius L. root rot diseases vol.438, pp.1, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-03928-4
  8. Partial-root Harvest of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.): A Non-Destructive Method for Harvesting Root Tissue for Ginsenoside Analysis vol.84, pp.2, 2011, https://doi.org/10.2179/0008-7475.84.2.310
  9. Purification and Characterization of a Novel Antifungal Flagellin Protein from Endophyte Bacillus methylotrophicus NJ13 against Ilyonectria robusta vol.7, pp.12, 2011, https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120605
  10. Recent Advances in the Tissue Culture of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) vol.17, pp.10, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202000366
  11. Phenological growth stages of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) according to the extended BBCH scale vol.45, pp.4, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.12.006
  12. Application of vermicompost and biochar suppresses Fusarium root rot of replanted American ginseng vol.105, pp.18, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11464-y