Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine (대한예방의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Human Exposure and Health Effects of Inorganic and Elemental Mercury

  • Park, Jung-Duck (Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University) ;
  • Zheng, Wei (School of Health Sciences, Purdue University)
  • Received : 2012.09.12
  • Accepted : 2012.10.17
  • Published : 2012.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Mercury is a toxic and non-essential metal in the human body. Mercury is ubiquitously distributed in the environment, present in natural products, and exists extensively in items encountered in daily life. There are three forms of mercury, i.e., elemental (or metallic) mercury, inorganic mercury compounds, and organic mercury compounds. This review examines the toxicity of elemental mercury and inorganic mercury compounds. Inorganic mercury compounds are water soluble with a bioavailability of 7% to 15% after ingestion; they are also irritants and cause gastrointestinal symptoms. Upon entering the body, inorganic mercury compounds are accumulated mainly in the kidneys and produce kidney damage. In contrast, human exposure to elemental mercury is mainly by inhalation, followed by rapid absorption and distribution in all major organs. Elemental mercury from ingestion is poorly absorbed with a bioavailability of less than 0.01%. The primary target organs of elemental mercury are the brain and kidney. Elemental mercury is lipid soluble and can cross the blood-brain barrier, while inorganic mercury compounds are not lipid soluble, rendering them unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. Elemental mercury may also enter the brain from the nasal cavity through the olfactory pathway. The blood mercury is a useful biomarker after short-term and high-level exposure, whereas the urine mercury is the ideal biomarker for long-term exposure to both elemental and inorganic mercury, and also as a good indicator of body burden. This review discusses the common sources of mercury exposure, skin lightening products containing mercury and mercury release from dental amalgam filling, two issues that happen in daily life, bear significant public health importance, and yet undergo extensive debate on their safety.

Keywords

References

  1. Research Triangle Institute; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for mercury. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1999.
  2. Bjorkman L, Lundekvam BF, Laegreid T, Bertelsen BI, Morild I, Lilleng P, et al. Mercury in human brain, blood, muscle and toenails in relation to exposure: an autopsy study. Environ Health 2007;6:30.
  3. World Health Organization;International Program on Chemical Safety. Inorganic mercury: environmental health criteria 118. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1991.
  4. Dart RC, Sulliva JB. Mercury. In: Dart RC, editor. Medical toxicology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2004, p. 1437-1448.
  5. Clarkson TW, Magos L. The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol 2006;36:609-662.
  6. Lodenius M, Malm O. Mercury in the Amazon. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 1998;157:25-52.
  7. Solis MT, Yuen E, Cortez PS, Goebel PJ. Family poisoned by mercury vapor inhalation. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:599-602.
  8. Hudson PJ, Vogt RL, Brondum J, Witherell L, Myers G, Paschal DC. Elemental mercury exposure among children of thermometer plant workers. Pediatrics 1987;79:935-938.
  9. Kim BS, Hong YC, Lim HS, Kim JY, Lee JK, Huh BL. Four cases of chronic mercury poisoning. Fam Physician 1988;9(6):27-32 (Korean).
  10. Yoon CS, Yim SH, Ha KC. Patterns of mercury concentrations in blood and urine after high mercury exposure. Korean J Environ Health Soc 2001;27(3):71-80 (Korean).
  11. Lee HY, Kang GH, Nam KH, Kim MH, Jung BH, Kang HD, et al. Acute mercury vapor inhalation toxicity after burning charms:a case report. Korean J Crit Care Med 2010;25(3):182-185 (Korean).
  12. Chung WJ, Kim YS, Lee JD, Kim OH, Kim MH, Bae JH. A case of mercury poisoning due to herb drug pills. Korean J Intern Med 1980;23(8):719-722 (Korean).
  13. Lee SH, Kim SH, Kim YK, Woo JY, Han SW, Park IS, et al. Acute respiratory failure and acute renal failure induced by inhalation of mercury vapor. Korean J Intern Med 1991;40(5):712-718 (Korean).
  14. Lim HE, Shim JJ, Lee SY, Lee SH, Kang SX, Jo JY, et al. Mercury inhalation poisoning and acute lung injury. Korean J Intern Med 1998;13(2):127-130.
  15. Choi KH, Lee HJ, Yang TH, Lee HP, Yum HK, Choi SJ, et al. A case of pulmonary embolism associated with intravenous mercury injection. Tuberc Respir Dis 1999;46(5):723-728 (Korean).
  16. Eum YO, Kim H, Jung HS, Cheoi KS, Lee MY, Lee WY, et al. A case of acute renal failure after application of mercury to the skin. Korean J Nephrol 2006;25(6):1019-1023 (Korean).
  17. Ji HR, Kim TJ, Chyung EJ, Park SY, Yang SK, Kim JT. A case of acrodynia. Korean J Dermatol 1983;21(1):125-129 (Korean).
  18. Liu J, Goyer RA, Waalkes MP. Toxic effects of metals. In: Casarett LJ, Doull J, Klaassen CD, editors. Casarett and Doull's toxicology:the basic science of poisons. 7th ed. New York: McGraw- Hill; 2008. p. 931-979.
  19. Chan TY. Inorganic mercury poisoning associated with skinlightening cosmetic products. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49(10):886-891.
  20. Bridges CC, Zalups RK. Transport of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in target tissues and organs. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2010;13(5):385-410.
  21. Friberg L, Mottet NK. Accumulation of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in the brain. Biol Trace Elem Res 1989;21:201-206.
  22. Henriksson J, Tjälve H. Uptake of inorganic mercury in the olfactory bulbs via olfactory pathways in rats. Environ Res 1998;77(2):130-140.
  23. Henriksson J, Tallkvist J, Tjälve H. Transport of manganese via the olfactory pathway in rats: dosage dependency of the uptake and subcellular distribution of the metal in the olfactory epithelium and the brain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999;156(2):119-128.
  24. Park JD, Kim KY, Kim DW, Choi SJ, Choi BS, Chung YH, et al. Tissue distribution of manganese in iron-sufficient or iron-deficient rats after stainless steel welding-fume exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2007;19(6-7):563-572.
  25. Von Burg R. Inorganic mercury. J Appl Toxicol 1995;15(6):483-493.
  26. Warkany J, Hubbard DM. Adverse mercurial reactions in the form of acrodynia and related conditions. AMA Am J Dis Child 1951;81(3):335-373.
  27. Risher JF, Nickle RA, Amler SN. Elemental mercury poisoning in occupational and residential settings. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2003;206(4-5):371-379.
  28. Kayias EH, Drosos GI, Hapsas D, Anagnostopoulou GA. Elemental mercury-induced subcutaneous granuloma. A case report and review of the literature. Acta Orthop Belg 2003;69(3):280-284.
  29. Seaton A, Bishop CM. Acute mercury pneumonitis. Br J Ind Med 1978;35(3):258-261.
  30. Moszczyński P. Immunological disorders in men exposed to metallic mercury vapour. A review. Cent Eur J Public Health 1999;7(1):10-14.
  31. Mutter J, Curth A, Naumann J, Deth R, Walach H. Does inorganic mercury play a role in Alzheimer's disease? A systematic review and an integrated molecular mechanism. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;22(2):357-374.
  32. Schweizer U, Bräuer AU, Köhrle J, Nitsch R, Savaskan NE. Selenium and brain function: a poorly recognized liaison. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2004;45(3):164-178.
  33. United Nations Environment Programme. Mercury in products and wastes; 2008 [cited 2012 August 20]. Available from: http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Portals/9/Mercury/AwarenessPack/English/UNEP_Mod1_UK_Web.pdf.
  34. Engler DE. Mercury "bleaching"creams. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52(6):1113-1114.
  35. Tang HL, Chu KH, Mak YF, Lee W, Cheuk A, Yim KF, et al. Minimal change disease following exposure to mercury-containing skin lightening cream. Hong Kong Med J 2006;12(4):316-318.
  36. Tlacuilo-Parra A, Guevara-Gutiérrez E, Luna-Encinas JA. Percutaneous mercury poisoning with a beauty cream in Mexico. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45(6):966-967.
  37. Weldon MM, Smolinski MS, Maroufi A, Hasty BW, Gilliss DL, Boulanger LL, et al. Mercury poisoning associated with a Mexican beauty cream. West J Med 2000;173(1):15-18.
  38. Spencer AJ. Dental amalgam and mercury in dentistry. Aust Dent J 2000;45(4):224-234.
  39. Bailer J, Rist F, Rudolf A, Staehle HJ, Eickholz P, Triebig G, et al. Adverse health effects related to mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings: toxicological or psychological causes? Psychol Med 2001;31(2):255-263.
  40. Zimmer H, Ludwig H, Bader M, Bailer J, Eickholz P, Staehle HJ, et al. Determination of mercury in blood, urine and saliva for the biological monitoring of an exposure from amalgam fillings in a group with self-reported adverse health effects. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2002;205(3):205-211.
  41. Bellinger DC, Trachtenberg F, Zhang A, Tavares M, Daniel D, McKinlay S. Dental amalgam and psychosocial status: the New England Children's Amalgam Trial. J Dent Res 2008;87(5):470-474.
  42. Kingman A, Albertini T, Brown LJ. Mercury concentrations in urine and whole blood associated with amalgam exposure in a US military population. J Dent Res 1998;77(3):461-471.
  43. Ahlqwist M, Bengtsson C, Lapidus L, Gergdahl IA, Schütz A. Serum mercury concentration in relation to survival, symptoms, and diseases: results from the prospective population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Acta Odontol Scand 1999;57(3):168-174.
  44. Kostyniak PJ. Mercury as a potential hazard for the dental practitioner. N Y State Dent J 1998;64(4):40-43.
  45. Jung YS, Sakong J, An SY, Lee YE, Song KB, Choi YH. The relationship between dental amalgam fillings and urinary mercury concentration among elementary school children in a metropolitan area. J Dent Hyg Sci 2012;12(3):253-258 (Korean).
  46. Lee MJ, Jang BK, Choi JH, Shim HJ, Lee JW. Determinants of urinary mercury concentration among dental hygienists. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2011;21(2):90-98 (Korean).
  47. Melchart D, Wühr E, Weidenhammer W, Kremers L. A multicenter survey of amalgam fillings and subjective complaints in non-selected patients in the dental practice. Eur J Oral Sci 1998;106(3):770-777.
  48. Sandborgh-Englund G, Elinder CG, Langworth S, Schütz A, Ekstrand J. Mercury in biological fluids after amalgam remov al. J Dent Res 1998;77(4):615-624.
  49. Cho MH, Ahn HY, Kook HI. Two cases of mercury dermatitis following amalgam dental restorations. Korean J Dermatol 1985;23(5):650-653 (Korean).
  50. Hursh JB, Clarkson TW, Nowak TV, Pabico RC, McKenna BA, Miles E, et al. Prediction of kidney mercury content by isotope techniques. Kidney Int 1985;27(6):898-907.

Cited by

  1. Thimerosal in childhood vaccines contributes to accumulating mercury toxicity in the kidney vol.95, pp.8, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2013.877246
  2. The Role of Heavy Metal Pollution in Neurobehavioral Disorders: a Focus on Autism vol.1, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-014-0028-3
  3. Fish consumption patterns, knowledge and potential exposure to mercury by race vol.24, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2013.818106
  4. Methylmercury-Induced Inhibition of Paraoxonase-1 (PON1)-Implications for Cardiovascular Risk vol.77, pp.17, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2014.919837
  5. Longitudinal analysis of the association between removal of dental amalgam, urine mercury and 14 self-reported health symptoms vol.13, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-13-95
  6. Current approaches of the management of mercury poisoning: need of the hour vol.22, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-22-46
  7. Incorporating epigenetic data into the risk assessment process for the toxic metals arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury: strategies and challenges vol.5, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00201
  8. Reaction of Hg2+ Insertion into Cysteine Pairs Within Bovine Insulin Crystals Followed via Raman Spectroscopy vol.43, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-013-0066-y
  9. Environmental Mercury and Its Toxic Effects vol.47, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.2.74
  10. Decreased glutathione and elevated hair mercury levels are associated with nutritional deficiency-based autism in Oman vol.239, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370214527900
  11. Preconceptional Monitoring of Mercury Levels in Hair and Blood as a Tool for Minimizing Associated Reproductive Risks vol.36, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0000000000000096
  12. Increased Mercury Levels in Patients with Celiac Disease following a Gluten-Free Regimen vol.2015, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/953042
  13. Metallic mercury use by South African traditional health practitioners: perceptions and practices vol.14, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-015-0053-4
  14. Cinnabar-Induced Subchronic Renal Injury Is Associated with Increased Apoptosis in Rats vol.2015, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/278931
  15. Mercury Poisoning as a Cause of Intracranial Hypertension vol.30, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073814538503
  16. Increased Zn/Glutathione Levels and Higher Superoxide Dismutase-1 Activity as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Women with Long-Term Dental Amalgam Fillings: Correlation between Mercury/Aluminium Leve vol.10, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126339
  17. Thymol, a monoterpene phenolic derivative of cymene, abrogates mercury‐induced oxidative stress resultant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in hepatocarcinoma cells vol.30, pp.8, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.21971
  18. The extent of mercury (Hg) exposure among Saudi mothers and their respective infants vol.187, pp.11, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4858-y
  19. Disease profile and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using the EuroQol (EQ-5D + C) questionnaire for chronic metallic mercury vapor intoxication vol.13, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-015-0388-0
  20. Environmental chemicals and DNA methylation in adults: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence vol.7, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-015-0055-7
  21. Quantification of Hg excretion and distribution in biological samples of mercury-dental-amalgam users and its correlation with biological variables vol.23, pp.20, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7266-0
  22. The Impact of External Factors on the Epigenome: In Utero and over Lifetime vol.2016, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2568635
  23. Rationale for the Successful Management of EDTA Chelation Therapy in Human Burden by Toxic Metals vol.2016, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8274504
  24. Metal Ion Toxins and Brain Aquaporin-4 Expression: An Overview vol.10, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00233
  25. Mercury in Hair Is Inversely Related to Disease Associated Damage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus vol.13, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010075
  26. Assessment of the Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System in Mercury-Exposed Individuals via Post-Exercise Heart Rate Recovery vol.25, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1159/000445322
  27. Fluorescent Base Analogue Reveals T-HgII-T Base Pairs Have High Kinetic Stabilities That Perturb DNA Metabolism vol.138, pp.44, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b09044
  28. The Adverse Effects of Heavy Metals with and without Noise Exposure on the Human Peripheral and Central Auditory System: A Literature Review vol.13, pp.12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121223
  29. Ağır Metal Toksisitesinin İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri vol.25, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.253562
  30. The "Madness" of Friedrich Hölderlin: an iatrogenic intoxication vol.124, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-017-1689-8
  31. Chronic exposure to inorganic mercury induces biochemical and morphological changes in the salivary glands of rats vol.9, pp.9, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7mt00123a
  32. Cycling of mercury in the environment: Sources, fate, and human health implications: A review vol.47, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2017.1326277
  33. Methylmercury exposure for 14 days (short-term) produces behavioral and biochemical changes in mouse cerebellum, liver, and serum vol.80, pp.19, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2017.1357324
  34. Antioxidant and mercury chelating activity of Psidium guajava var. pomifera L. leaves hydroalcoholic extract vol.80, pp.23, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2017.1382408
  35. High-Power 365 nm UV LED Mercury Arc Lamp Replacement for Photochemistry and Chemical Photolithography vol.5, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02175
  36. Assessment and management of elemental mercury poisoning—a case report vol.5, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.811
  37. Mercury(II) binds to both of chymotrypsin's histidines, causing inhibition followed by irreversible denaturation/aggregation : Mercury(II) Binds to Both of Chymotrypsin's Histidines vol.26, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3082
  38. Smart Design of Self-Assembled Mesoporous α-FeOOH Nanoparticles: High-Surface-Area Sorbent for Hg2+ from Wastewater vol.5, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00937
  39. Current Mercury Exposure from Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Bombana, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia—Future Significant Health Risks vol.5, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5010007
  40. Mercury in Children: Current State on Exposure through Human Biomonitoring Studies vol.14, pp.5, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050519
  41. The risk of occupational exposure to mercury vapor in some public dental clinics of Baghdad city, Iraq vol.29, pp.9, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1080/08958378.2017.1369601
  42. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents vol.140, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1904
  43. Oxidative stress and repetitive element methylation changes in artisanal gold miners occupationally exposed to mercury vol.3, pp.9, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00400
  44. The Cut-off Value of Blood Mercury Concentration in Relation to Insulin Resistance vol.26, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes.2017.26.3.197
  45. Modeling of the Passive Permeation of Mercury and Methylmercury Complexes Through a Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane vol.51, pp.18, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02204
  46. Mercury, Fatty Acids Content and Lipid Quality Indexes in Muscles of Freshwater and Marine Fish on the Polish Market. Risk Assessment of Fish Consumption vol.14, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101120
  47. Laying Waste to Mercury: Inexpensive Sorbents Made from Sulfur and Recycled Cooking Oils vol.23, pp.64, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201702871
  48. Reduced egfr, elevated urine protein and low level of personal protective equipment compliance among artisanal small scale gold miners at Bibiani-Ghana: a cross-sectional study vol.17, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4517-z
  49. Cases of acute mercury poisoning by mercury vapor exposure during the demolition of a fluorescent lamp factory vol.29, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0184-x
  50. Nanocolloidal Hydrogel for Heavy Metal Scavenging vol.12, pp.8, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b03202
  51. Dissolved oxygen and nitrate effects on the reduction and removal of divalent mercury by pumice supported nanoscale zero-valent iron vol.4, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ew00326b
  52. 1,3,4-Thiadiazol derivative functionalized-Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocomposites as a fluorescent probe for detection of Hg2+ in water samples vol.8, pp.39, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03448f
  53. A Challenging Case of Acute Mercury Toxicity vol.2018, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1010678
  54. A Highly Sensitive and Selective Colorimetric Hg 2+ Ion Probe Using Gold Nanoparticles Functionalized with Polyethyleneimine vol.2018, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1206913
  55. A Case of Mercury Toxicity Complicated by Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy vol.33, pp.13, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073818790408
  56. The Mercury Problem in Artisanal and Small‐Scale Gold Mining vol.24, pp.27, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201704840
  57. Human Mercury Exposure in Yanomami Indigenous Villages from the Brazilian Amazon vol.15, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061051
  58. Sensitive electrochemical DNA-based biosensors for the determination of Ag+ and Hg2+ ions and their application in analysis of amalgam filling vol.15, pp.8, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-018-1384-1
  59. A highly selective colorimetric and long‐wavelength fluorescent probe for the detection of Hg2+ vol.33, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/bio.3518
  60. pH-Dependent Effects of L-Cysteine on Mercury Dissolution of α-HgS and β-HgS vol.185, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1254-9
  61. Anthracene-Based Highly Selective and Sensitive Fluorescent “ Turn-on ” Chemodosimeter for Hg 2+ vol.3, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01142
  62. Mercury Ingestion vol.2, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2018.7.39408
  63. Skin safety and health prevention: an overview of chemicals in cosmetic products vol.60, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.1.1080
  64. Chronic mercury exposure and blood pressure in children and adolescents: a systematic review vol.26, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3796-y
  65. Comparison of Visual Functions of Two Amazonian Populations: Possible Consequences of Different Mercury Exposure vol.13, pp.None, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.01428
  66. The Clinical Importance of the Mercury Problem in Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining vol.7, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00131
  67. Understanding the antagonism of Hg and Se in two shark species from Baja California South, México vol.650, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.261
  68. Improved Environmental Status: 50 Years of Declining Fish Mercury Levels in Boreal and Subarctic Fennoscandia vol.53, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06399
  69. Rethinking the Dental Amalgam Dilemma: An Integrated Toxicological Approach vol.16, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061036
  70. A paper-based, cell-free biosensor system for the detection of heavy metals and date rape drugs vol.14, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210940
  71. Selective magnetic mercury(ii) ion capturing ligand-doped silica gel for water analysis vol.144, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8an02362j
  72. Fluorometric determination of mercury(II) via a graphene oxide-based assay using exonuclease III-assisted signal amplification and thymidine-Hg(II)-thymidine interaction vol.186, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3332-x
  73. Occupational exposure to mercury vapor in a compact fluorescent lamp factory: Evaluation of personal, ambient air, and biological monitoring vol.35, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233719831531
  74. Guarana improves behavior and inflammatory alterations triggered by methylmercury exposure: an in vivo fruit fly and in vitro neural cells study vol.26, pp.15, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04881-0
  75. Dinuclear Hg II tetracarbene complex-triggered aggregation-induced emission for rapid and selective sensing of Hg 2+ and organomercury species vol.10, pp.15, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8sc05714a
  76. Water soluble cadmium selenide quantum dots for ultrasensitive detection of organic, inorganic and elemental mercury in biological fluids and live cells vol.9, pp.39, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04753k
  77. Dynamics of mercury content in adult sichel (Pelecus cultratus L.) tissues from the Baltic Sea before and during spawning vol.148, pp.None, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.05.010
  78. A Novel Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for Mercury (II) ions and Application in Bio-imaging vol.24, pp.12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122268
  79. The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: an overview vol.191, pp.7, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7528-7
  80. Mercury in archaeological human bone: biogenic or diagenetic? vol.108, pp.None, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.05.005
  81. MerR‐fluorescent protein chimera biosensor for fast and sensitive detection of Hg 2+ in drinking water vol.66, pp.5, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.1805
  82. Biochemical evidence on the potential role of methyl mercury in hepatic glucose metabolism through inflammatory signaling and free radical pathways vol.120, pp.9, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.28899
  83. Elevated Systemic L-Kynurenine/L-Tryptophan Ratio and Increased IL-1 Beta and Chemokine (CX3CL1, MCP-1) Proinflammatory Mediators in Patients with Long-Term Titanium Dental Implants vol.8, pp.9, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091368
  84. A Review on Coordination Properties of Thiol-Containing Chelating Agents Towards Mercury, Cadmium, and Lead vol.24, pp.18, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183247
  85. Mercury speciation in meconium and associated factors vol.179, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108724
  86. Colloidal quantum dots for thermal infrared sensing and imaging vol.6, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-019-0178-1
  87. Solving dental amalgam dilemma: An integrated toxicology and its management strategies - A systematic review vol.10, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.4103/srmjrds.srmjrds_57_19
  88. Mercury and Alzheimer’s Disease: Hg(II) Ions Display Specific Binding to the Amyloid-β Peptide and Hinder Its Fibrillization vol.10, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10010044
  89. Comparison of Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in Traditional Gold Mining Waste Disposal Site and Rice Field by Using a Metabarcoding Approach vol.2020, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1858732
  90. A combined spectroscopic and ab initio study of the transmetalation of a polyphenol as a potential purification strategy for food additives vol.10, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra10596d
  91. “Novel Dextrin‐Cysteine Schiff Base: A Highly Efficient Sensor for Mercury Ions in Aqueous Environment” vol.5, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201904351
  92. Covalent triazine frameworks - a sustainable perspective vol.22, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9gc03482j
  93. Induction of hepatic portal fibrosis, mitochondria damage, and extracellular vesicle formation in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to copper, manganese, and mercury, alone and in combination vol.44, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1080/01913123.2020.1731638
  94. Mercury Sorbents Made By Inverse Vulcanization of Sustainable Triglycerides: The Plant Oil Structure Influences the Rate of Mercury Removal from Water vol.4, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.201900111
  95. F108 stabilized CuO nanoparticles for highly selective and sensitive determination of mercury using resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy vol.12, pp.12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ay00066c
  96. 광산지역 수은 오염토양 안정화를 위한 석탄광산배수슬러지의 적용성 평가 vol.25, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.7857/jsge.2020.25.1.053
  97. Thiocarbohydrazide based Schiff Base as a Selective Colorimetric and Fluorescent Chemosensor for Hg 2+ with “Turn‐Off” Fluorescence Responses vol.5, pp.13, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202000652
  98. Thermal stress accelerates mercury chloride toxicity in Oreochromis niloticus via up-regulation of mercury bioaccumulation and HSP70 mRNA expression vol.718, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137326
  99. Review of ecological mercury and arsenic bioaccumulation within historical gold mining districts of Nova Scotia vol.28, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2019-0042
  100. Parental and preimaginal exposure to methylmercury disrupts locomotor activity and circadian rhythm of adult Drosophila melanogaster vol.43, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2018.1485689
  101. Toxic Metal Concentrations of Human Hair in Downstream of ASGM Sites in Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia vol.536, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/536/1/012006
  102. Irradiation by a Combination of Different Peak-Wavelength Ultraviolet-Light Emitting Diodes Enhances the Inactivation of Influenza A Viruses vol.8, pp.7, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071014
  103. Photoinitiator-catalyst systems based on meta-terphenyl derivatives as photosensitisers of iodonium and thianthrenium salts for visible photopolymerization in 3D printing processes vol.11, pp.28, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0py00597e
  104. Marine Microbial Response to Heavy Metals: Mechanism, Implications and Future Prospect vol.105, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02923-9
  105. Traceable Determination of Atmospheric Mercury Using Iodinated Activated Carbon Traps vol.11, pp.8, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080780
  106. Neuropsychological effects of long-term occupational exposure to mercury among chloralkali workers vol.66, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-203194
  107. Association of blood mercury levels with nonmelanoma skin cancer in the U.S.A. using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2003–2016) vol.183, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18797
  108. Mercury Exposure and Health Problems of the Students Using Skin-Lightening Cosmetic Products in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia vol.7, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7030058
  109. Health Impact Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Area in Myanmar, Mandalay Region: Preliminary Research vol.17, pp.18, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186757
  110. Evaluation of the Effect of Gold Mining on the Water Quality in Monterrey, Bolívar (Colombia) vol.12, pp.9, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092523
  111. Acute Elemental Mercury Poisoning Masquerading as Fever and Rash vol.16, pp.4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-020-00792-6
  112. The distribution of toxic metals in the human retina and optic nerve head: Implications for age-related macular degeneration vol.15, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241054
  113. Evaluation of possible impact on human health of atmospheric mercury emanations from the Popocatépetl volcano vol.42, pp.11, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00610-6
  114. Mercury in Dental Amalgam, Online Retail, and the Minamata Convention on Mercury vol.54, pp.22, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01248
  115. Phytoremediation of toxic metals present in soil and water environment: a critical review vol.27, pp.36, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10713-3
  116. Cumulative Firefighter Exposure to Multiple Toxins Emitted During Prescribed Burns in Australia vol.12, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00332-w
  117. Mercury level in biological samples of dentists in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis vol.18, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00558-w
  118. Thermodynamics, a suitable reporter in the design of mercury (II) ion selective electrodes vol.13, pp.12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.059
  119. Blood mercury and liver enzymes: A pan-India retrospective correlation study vol.36, pp.12, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233720970437
  120. Bio- and Biomimetic Receptors for Electrochemical Sensing of Heavy Metal Ions vol.20, pp.23, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236800
  121. Measuring and mitigating mercury vapour in the collection cabinets at Museums Victoria vol.41, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1080/10344233.2020.1870301
  122. Autism spectrum disorder in the United Arab Emirates: potential environmental links vol.35, pp.4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0025
  123. Mercury Exposure in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities in Sukabumi, Indonesia vol.10, pp.28, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201209
  124. Urinary Mercury Levels and Predictors of Exposure among a Group of Italian Children vol.17, pp.24, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249225
  125. Status of multielement in water of the river Buriganga, Bangladesh: Aquatic chemistry of metal ions in polluted river water vol.7, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2021.03.001
  126. Dynamics of gaseous oxidized mercury at Villum Research Station during the High Arctic summer vol.21, pp.17, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13287-2021
  127. The management of mercury from dental amalgam in wastewater effluent vol.10, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2021.1960642
  128. A review of mercury pathological effects on organs specific of fishes vol.33, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/26395940.2021.1920468
  129. Effects of Elemental Mercury Vapor Inhalation on Arterial Blood Gases, Lung Histology, and Interleukin-1 Expression in Pulmonary Tissues of Rats vol.2021, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4141383
  130. Mercury Challenges in Mexico: Regulatory, Trade and Environmental Impacts vol.12, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010057
  131. Health risk assessment and heavy metal accumulation in fish species (Clarias gariepinus and Sarotherodon melanotheron) from industrially polluted Ogun and Eleyele Rivers, Nigeria vol.8, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.007
  132. Synthesis of a new thiophenol-thiophene polymer for the removal of mercury from wastewater and liquid hydrocarbons vol.582, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.103
  133. A Novel Fluorescence Tool for Monitoring Agricultural Industry Chain Based on AIEgens vol.37, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-021-0401-6
  134. Total blood mercury and its determinants in New Zealand children and adults vol.31, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00296-7
  135. Mercury as a cause of membranous nephropathy and Guillain-Barre syndrome: case report and literature review vol.49, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060521999756
  136. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Methylmercury Neurotoxicity and Neuroinflammation vol.22, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063101
  137. Cyclodesulfurization: An Enabling Protocol for Synthesis of Various Heterocycles vol.6, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202100201
  138. Simple and Equipment-Free Paper-Based Device for Determination of Mercury in Contaminated Soil vol.26, pp.7, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072004
  139. Epigallocatechin Gallate for Management of Heavy Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress: Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Concerns vol.22, pp.8, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084027
  140. Appraisal of pollution scenario, sources and public health risk of harmful metals in mine water of Barapukuria coal mine industry in Bangladesh vol.28, pp.17, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11999-z
  141. Remediation of Metal/Metalloid-Polluted Soils: A Short Review vol.11, pp.9, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094134
  142. Erythrocytes as a Model for Heavy Metal-Related Vascular Dysfunction: The Protective Effect of Dietary Components vol.22, pp.12, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126604
  143. Characteristics and treatment of elemental mercury intoxication: A case series vol.4, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.293
  144. Vitamin E and Lactobacillus Provide Protective Effects Against Liver Injury Induced by HgCl2: Role of CHOP, GPR87, and mTOR Proteins vol.19, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258211011360
  145. Particle-Bound Mercury Characterization in the Central Italian Herbarium of the Natural History Museum of the University of Florence (Italy) vol.9, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060141
  146. Mercury offloading in gametes and potential adverse effects of high mercury concentrations in blood and tissues of Atlantic Goliath Grouper Epinephelus itajara in the southeastern United States vol.779, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146437
  147. Urinary Heavy Metals and Longitudinal Changes in Blood Pressure in Midlife Women: The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation vol.78, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17295
  148. Impacts of the Goldmining and Chronic Methylmercury Exposure on the Good-Living and Mental Health of Munduruku Native Communities in the Amazon Basin vol.18, pp.17, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178994
  149. Mercury Exposure among E-Waste Recycling Workers in Colombia: Perceptions of Safety, Risk, and Access to Health Information vol.18, pp.17, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179295
  150. Heavy Metals and Human Health: Possible Exposure Pathways and the Competition for Protein Binding Sites vol.26, pp.19, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26196060
  151. Recent Advances on the Development of Chemosensors for the Detection of Mercury Toxicity: A Review vol.8, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8100192
  152. Mercury Chloride Impacts on the Development of Erythrocytes and Megakaryocytes in Mice vol.9, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100252
  153. The association between blood metals and hypertension in the GuLF study vol.202, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111734
  154. Mercury levels in humpback whales, and other Southern Ocean marine megafauna vol.172, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112774
  155. Fluorescence Based Comparative Sensing Behavior of the Nano-Composites of SiO 2 and TiO 2 towards Toxic Hg 2+ Ions vol.11, pp.11, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113082
  156. Optimization of Heavy Metal Sensors Based on Transcription Factors and Cell-Free Expression Systems vol.10, pp.11, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.1c00331
  157. Analysis and Quantification of Alkyl (C12-22) Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride Content in Cosmetics: Regulatory Compliance Gap Analysis vol.8, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8040103
  158. Efficacy of Hair Total Mercury Content as a Biomarker of Methylmercury Exposure to Communities in the Area of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Madre de Dios, Peru vol.18, pp.24, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413350
  159. Pocket Mercury-Vapour Detection System Employing a Preconcentrator Based on Au-TiO2 Nanomaterials vol.21, pp.24, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248255
  160. Sexual dimorphism in inorganic mercury toxicokinetics and the attendant lipotoxic and non-lipotoxic dyslipidemia in the rat vol.28, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101146
  161. Bio-inspired Track-Etched Polymeric Nanochannels: Steady-State Biosensors for Detection of Analytes vol.15, pp.12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08582
  162. An assessment of heavy metal level in infant formula on the market in Turkey and the hazard index vol.105, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104258
  163. From Molecules to Behavior in Long-Term Inorganic Mercury Intoxication: Unraveling Proteomic Features in Cerebellar Neurodegeneration of Rats vol.23, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010111
  164. The human health risks assessment of mercury in soils and plantains from farms in selected artisanal and small‐scale gold mining communities around Obuasi, Ghana vol.42, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4209
  165. Toxicological effects of thimerosal on rat kidney: a histological and biochemical study vol.83, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.242942