Toxicological Research

Korean Society of Toxicology & Korea Environmental Mutagen Society (한국독성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Derivation of Ecological Protective Concentration using the Probabilistic Ecological Risk Assessment applicable for Korean Water Environment: (I) Cadmium

  • Nam, Sun-Hwa (Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University) ;
  • Lee, Woo-Mi (Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University) ;
  • An, Youn-Joo (Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University)
  • Received : 2012.01.13
  • Accepted : 2012.06.28
  • Published : 2012.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Probabilistic ecological risk assessment (PERA) for deriving ecological protective concentration (EPC) was previously suggested in USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Netherland. This study suggested the EPC of cadmium (Cd) based on the PERA to be suitable to Korean aquatic ecosystem. First, we collected reliable ecotoxicity data from reliable data without restriction and reliable data with restrictions. Next, we sorted the ecotoxicity data based on the site-specific locations, exposure duration, and water hardness. To correct toxicity by the water hardness, EU's hardness corrected algorithm was used with slope factor 0.89 and a benchmark of water hardness 100. EPC was calculated according to statistical extrapolation method (SEM), statistical extrapolation $method_{Acute\;to\;chronic\;ratio}$ ($SEM_{ACR}$), and assessment factor method (AFM). As a result, aquatic toxicity data of Cd were collected from 43 acute toxicity data (4 Actinopterygill, 29 Branchiopoda, 1 Polychaeta, 2 Bryozoa, 6 Chlorophyceae, 1 Chanophyceae) and 40 chronic toxicity data (2 Actinopterygill, 23 Branchiopoda, 9 Chlorophyceae, 6 Macrophytes). Because toxicity data of Cd belongs to 4 classes in taxonomical classification, acute and chronic EPC (11.07 ${\mu}g/l$ and 0.034 ${\mu}g/l$, respectively) was calculated according to SEM technique. These values were included in the range of international EPCs. This study would be useful to establish the ecological standard for the protection of aquatic ecosystem in Korea.

Keywords

References

  1. An, Y.J., Nam, S.H. and Baek, Y.W. (2008a). Fundamentals of ecotoxicity evaluation methods using domestic aquatic organisms in Korea: (III) Green Algae, Korean J. Limnol., 41, 117- 127.
  2. An, Y.J., Nam, S.H. and Lee, J.K. (2007a). Domestic test species for aquatic toxicity assessment in Korea, Korean J. Limnol., 40, 1-13.
  3. An, Y.J., Nam, S.H. and Lee, W.M. (2007b). Fundamentals of ecotoxicity evaluation methods using domestic aquatic organisms in Korea: (II) Water Flea. Korean J. Limnol., 40, 357-369.
  4. An, Y.J., Nam, S.H. and Lee, W.M. (2009). Comparative study of probabilistic ecological risk assessment (PERA) used in developed countries and proposed PERA approach for Korean water environment, Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality, 25, 494-501.
  5. An, Y.J., Yang, C.Y. and Nam, S.H. (2008b). Hardness correction algorithm applicable to Korea as related to aquatic toxicity variation for heavy metals, Korean J. Limnol., 41, 275-282.
  6. ANZECC and ARMCANZ. (2000a). Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality. 2, pp. 8.3-1-302.
  7. ANZECC and ARMCANZ. (2000b). TOX-2000 Database.
  8. Bitton, G., Rhodes, K. and Koopman, B. (1996). $Ceriofast^{TM}$ an acute toxicity test based on Ceriodaphnia dubia feeding behavior. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15, 123-125.
  9. CCME. (1999). Canadian Environment Quality Guidelines. pp. 1- 5.
  10. Chao, M.R. and Chen, C.Y. (2000). No-observed-effect concentrations in batch and continuous algal toxicity tests. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19, 1589-1596. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190616
  11. Chen, C.Y. and Lin, K.C. (1997). Optimization and performance evaluation of the continuous algal toxicity test. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16, 1337-1344. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160701
  12. Chen, C.Y., Lin, K.C. and Yang, D.T. (1997). Comparison of the relative toxicity relationships based on batch and continuous algal toxicity tests. Chemosphere, 35, 1959-1966. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00270-1
  13. Diamond, J.M., Koplish, D.E., McMahon, J. and Rost, R. (1997). Evaluation of the water-effect ratio procedure for metals in a riverine system. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16, 509-520. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160317
  14. EC. (2003). Technical guidance document on risk assessment. pp. 1-328.
  15. EC. (2007). European Union risk assessment report cadmium oxide and cadmium metal part I - Environment. pp. 1-635.
  16. ECB. (2000). IUCLID Dataset.
  17. Elnabarawy, M.T., Welter, A.N. and Robideau, R.R. (1986). Relative sensitivity of three Daphnid species to selected organic and inorganic chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 5, 393-398. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620050409
  18. George, T.K., Liber, K., Solomon, K.R. and Sibley, P.K. (2003). Assessment of the probabilistic ecological risk assessment-toxic equivalent combination approach for evaluating pesticide mixture toxicity to zooplankton in outdoor microcosms. Arch. Environ. Comtam. Toxicol., 45, 453-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-003-2123-9
  19. Jop, K.M., Askew, A.M. and Foster, R.B. (1995). Development of a water-effect ratio for coper, cadmium, and lead for the great works river in maine using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Salvelinus fontinalis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 54, 29-35.
  20. Klimisch, H.J., Andreae, M. and Tillmann, U. (1997). A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 25, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1996.1076
  21. Kim, I.S. and Park, J.Y. (2002). Freshwater fishes of Korea, Kyo- Hak Publishing Co., Ltd., Seoul, pp. 1-465.
  22. Kin, H.S. (1982). Animal taxonomy. Jiphyunsa. Seoul, pp. 1-502.
  23. Korea Institute of Water and Environment (KIWE). (2000). Algae of dame and reservior, Academy book, Seoul, pp. 1-138.
  24. Ministry of Education (ME). (1968). Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna and flora of Korea, 9, Fresh water algae, Samhwa, Seoul, pp. 1-446.
  25. Ministry of Environment (ME). (1996). Korean species list. pp. 1- 504.
  26. Ministry of Environment (ME). (2004). Selection and assessment research of hazard concern chemicals : Risk assessment of Lead, Cadmium and mercury. pp. 1-667.
  27. Ministry of Environment (ME). (2007). Implementation of risk assessment (Pb, Hg and Cd) and preparation of establishment plan for risk management. pp. 1-403.
  28. Ministry of Environment and National Institute of Environmental Research (ME and NIER). (2006). Development of integrated methodology for evaluation of water environement (III). pp. 1- 708.
  29. Mount, D.I. and Norberg, T.J. (1984). A seven-day life-cycle Cladoceran toxicity test. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 3, 425-434. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620030307
  30. Nam, S.H., Yang, C.Y., An, Y.J. and Lee, J.K. (2007). Fundamentals of ecotoxicity evaluation methods using domestic aquatic organisms in Korea: (I) Fish. Korean J. Limnol., 40, 173-183.
  31. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). (2004). Phytoplankton of Lake Paldang. pp. 1-20.
  32. OECD. (1995). Guidance document for aquatic effects assessment. pp. 1-116.
  33. RIVM. (2001). Ecotoxicological serious risk concentrations for soil, sediment and (ground)water: updated proposals for first series of compounds. pp. 1-263.
  34. Schubauer-Berigan, M.K., Dierkes, J.R., Monson, P.D. and Ankley, G.T. (1993). pH-Dependent toxicity of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, Hyalella azteca and Lumbriculus variegatus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 12, 1261-1266. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120715
  35. Suedel, B.C., Rodgers, J.H. and Deaver, E. (1997). Experimental factors that may affect toxicity of cadmium to freshwater organisms. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 33, 188-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900241
  36. The Korean National Council for Conservation of Nature (KNCCN). (1996). Korean species list.
  37. USEPA. (1980). Ambient water quality criteria for chromium, EPA-440/5-80-035. pp. 1-C48.
  38. USEPA. (1985). Ambient water quality criteria for cadmium - 1984, EPA-440/5-84-032. pp. 1-127.
  39. USEPA. (1996). 1995 Updates : Water quality criteria documents for the protection of aquatic life in Ambient Water, EPA-820-B- 96-001. pp. 1-20.
  40. USEPA. (2001). 2001 Update of ambient water quality criteria for cadmium, EPA-822-R-01-001. pp. 1-35.
  41. USEPA. (2005). ECOTOX (http://www.epa.gov/ecotox).
  42. USEPA. (2009) National recommended water quality criteria. pp.1-21.

Cited by

  1. Deriving Ecological Protective Concentration of Cadmium for Korean Soil Environment vol.18, pp.4, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2013.18.4.241
  2. Investigation of Korean Native Organisms for Development of Ecotoxicity Test : (1) Aquatic Test Species vol.40, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4491/KSEE.2018.40.1.34