Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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The bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by Phellinus linteus

  • Ryu, Jae Sik (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University) ;
  • Lee, Hyun Jung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University) ;
  • Bae, Song Hwan (Department of Food and Biotechnology, Hankyong National University) ;
  • Kim, Sun Young (Hongcheon Institute of Medicinal Herb) ;
  • Park, Yooheon (Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University) ;
  • Suh, Hyung Joo (Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University) ;
  • Jeong, Yoon Hwa (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University)
  • Received : 2012.05.17
  • Accepted : 2012.09.25
  • Published : 2013.01.15
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Abstract

For the improvement of ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng by Phellinus linteus (FRG) were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The polyphenol content of FRG ($19.14{\pm}0.50$ mg/g) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with that of non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG, $11.31{\pm}1.15$ mg/g). The antioxidant activities in FRG, such as 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in NFRG. The HPLC analysis results showed that the FRG had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in NFRG and FRG were $41.65{\pm}1.53$ mg/g and $50.12{\pm}1.43$ mg/g, respectively. However, FRG had a significantly higher content ($33.90{\pm}0.97$ mg/g) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared with NFRG ($14.75{\pm}0.46$ mg/g). The skin permeability of FRG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cell models. In particular, after 3 h, the skin permeability of FRG was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of NFRG. Using a rat everted intestinal sac model, FRG showed a high transport level compared with NFRG after 1 h. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared with NFRG as indicated by skin permeation and intestinal permeability. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).

Keywords

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