DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Safety of red ginseng oil for single oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats

  • Bak, Min-Ji (Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University) ;
  • Kim, Kyu-Bong (Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University) ;
  • Jun, Mira (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University) ;
  • Jeong, Woo-Sik (Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University)
  • Received : 2013.07.30
  • Accepted : 2013.10.18
  • Published : 2014.01.15

Abstract

The single oral administration of red ginseng oil (5000 mg/kg) to Sprague-Dawley rats induced no changes in behavioral patterns, clinical signs, and body weight, and hepatotoxicity parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase for 14 d. Therefore, these results suggest that the red ginseng oil is safe and nontoxic acutely.

Keywords

References

  1. Rahimi R, Shams-Ardekani MR, Abdollahi M. A review of the efficacy of traditional Iranian medicine for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:4504-14. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i36.4504
  2. Li XM, Srivastava K. Traditional Chinese medicine for the therapy of allergic disorders. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;14:191-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.moo.0000193199.40096.f7
  3. Palombo EA. Phytochemicals from traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of diarrhoea: modes of action and effects on intestinal function. Phytother Res 2006;20:717-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1907
  4. Wojcikowski K, Johnson DW, Gobe G. Herbs or natural substances as complementary therapies for chronic kidney disease: ideas for future studies. J Lab Clin Med 2006;147:160-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lab.2005.11.011
  5. Cohen I, Tagliaferri M, Tripathy D. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of breast cancer. Semin Oncol 2002;29:563-74. https://doi.org/10.1053/sonc.2002.50005
  6. Ghosh D, Ghosh S, Sarkar S, Ghosh A, Das N, Das Saha K, Mandal AK. Quercetin in vesicular delivery systems: evaluation in combating arsenic-induced acute liver toxicity associated gene expression in rat model. Chem Biol Interact 2010;186:61-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.048
  7. Ernst E. The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:42-53. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-1-200201010-00010
  8. Hofseth LJ, Wargovich MJ. Inflammation, cancer, and targets of ginseng. J Nutr 2007;137:183S-5S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.1.183S
  9. Vuksan V, Sung MK, Sievenpiper JL, Stavro PM, Jenkins AL, Di Buono M, Lee KS, Leiter LA, Nam KY, Arnason JT, et al. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18:46-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2006.04.003
  10. Lee JG, Lee YY, Kim SY, Pyo JS, Yun-Choi HS, Park JH. Platelet antiaggregating activity of ginsenosides isolated from processed ginseng. Pharmazie 2009;64: 602-4.
  11. Kim J. Protective effects of Asian dietary items on cancers d soy and ginseng. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008;9:543-8.
  12. Jang DJ, Lee MS, Shin BC, Lee YC, Ernst E. Red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008;66:444-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03236.x
  13. Quan HY, Kim do Y, Chung SH. Korean red ginseng extract alleviates advanced glycation end product-mediated renal injury. J Ginseng Res 2013;37:187-93. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.187
  14. Jung JH, Kang IG, Kim DY, Hwang YJ, Kim ST. The effect of Korean red ginseng on allergic inflammation in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. J Ginseng Res 2013;37:167-75. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.167
  15. Bak MJ, Hong SG, Lee JW, Jeong WS. Red ginseng marc oil inhibits iNOS and COX-2 via NFkappaB and p38 pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Molecules 2012;17:13769-86. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171213769
  16. Bak MJ, Jun M, Jeong WS. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of the red ginseng essential oil in H2O2-treated HepG2 cells and CCl4-treated mice. Int J Mol Sci 2012;13:2314-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13022314
  17. Aphale AA, Chhibba AD, Kumbhakarna NR, Mateenuddin M, Dahat SH. Subacute toxicity study of the combination of ginseng (Panax ginseng) and ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in rats: a safety assessment. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1998;42:299-302.
  18. Park ID, Yoo HS, Lee YW, Son CG, Kwon M, Sung HJ, Cho CK. Toxicological study on MUNOPHIL, water extract of Panax ginseng and Hericium erinaceum in rats. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2008;1:121-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2005-2901(09)60032-7
  19. Lee NH, Yoo SR, Kim HG, Cho JH, Son CG. Safety and tolerability of Panax ginseng root extract: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial in healthy Korean volunteers. J Altern Complement Med 2012;18:1061-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2011.0591
  20. Hess Jr FG, Parent RA, Stevens KR, Cox GE, Becci PJ. Effects of subchronic feeding of ginseng extract G115 in beagle dogs. Food Chem Toxicol 1983;21: 95-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(83)90275-2
  21. Lee MR, Oh CJ, Li Z, Li JJ, Wang CY, Wang Z, Gu LJ, Lee SH, Lee JI, Lim BO, et al. Evaluation of the oral acute toxicity of black ginseng in rats. J Ginseng Res 2011;35:39-44. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2011.35.1.039
  22. Korea Food and Drug Administration. Testing guidelines for safety evaluation of drugs (Notification NO. 2005-2060, issued by the Korea Food and Drug Administration on October 21, 2005); 2005.
  23. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (Ed.). OECD guideline (420) for the testing of chemicals acute oral toxicityeacute toxic class method; 2001.
  24. Bakoma B, Berke B, Eklu-Gadegbeku K, Agbonon A, Aklikokou K, Gbeassor M, Creppy EE, Moore N. Acute and sub-chronic (28 days) oral toxicity evaluation of hydroethanolic extract of Bridelia ferruginea Benth root bark in male rodent animals. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;52:176-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.021
  25. Chanda S, Dave R, Kaneria M, Shukla V. Acute oral toxicity of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula leaf extract in Wistar albino rats. Pharm Biol 2012;50: 1408-15. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2012.682117
  26. Gao Y, Zhang S, Li C, Xiao L, Shen J, Yin J. Acute and subchronic toxicity of xylooligosaccharide in mice and rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012;22:605-10. https://doi.org/10.3109/15376516.2012.706837
  27. Jothy SL, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Lau YL, Latha LY, Sasidharan S. Acute oral toxicity of methanolic seed extract of Cassia fistula in mice. Molecules 2011;16:5268-82. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16065268
  28. Liju VB, Jeena K, Kuttan R. Acute and subchronic toxicity as well as mutagenic evaluation of essential oil from turmeric (Curcuma longa L). Food Chem Toxicol 2013;53:52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.027
  29. Hwang YH, Ha H, Ma JY. Acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity of Dryopteris crassirhizoma. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;149:133-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.011
  30. Hor SY, Ahmad M, Farsi E, Lim CP, Asmawi MZ, Yam MF. Acute and subchronic oral toxicity of Coriolus versicolor standardized water extract in Spraguee Dawley rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137:1067-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.007
  31. Fujii H, Nishioka H, Wakame K, Magnuson BA, Roberts A. Acute, subchronic and genotoxicity studies conducted with Oligonol, an oligomerized polyphenol formulated from lychee and green tea extracts. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:3553-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.06.005
  32. Diallo A, Gadegkeku K, Agbonon A, Aklikokou K, Creppy E, Gbeassor M. Acute and sub-chronic (28-day) oral toxicity studies of hydroalcohol leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides L (Asteraceae). Trop J Pharm Res 2010;9: 463-7.
  33. Aniagu SO, Nwinyi FC, Olanubi B, Akumka DD, Ajoku GA, Izebe KS, Agala P, Agbani EO, Enwerem NM, Iheagwara C, et al. Is Berlina grandiflora (Leguminosae) toxic in rats? Phytomedicine 2004;11:352-60. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944711041495155
  34. Rhiouani H, El-Hilaly J, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of an aqueous extract of the leaves of Herniaria glabra in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;118:378-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.009

Cited by

  1. Comparative effects of Orchis anatolica vs. the red Korean Panax ginseng treatments on testicular structure and function of adult male mice vol.12, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2012-0035
  2. Comparative effects of Orchis anatolica vs. the red Korean Panax ginseng treatments on testicular structure and function of adult male mice vol.12, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2012-0035
  3. Protective Effects of Red Ginseng Oil against Aβ 25–35 -Induced Neuronal Apoptosis and Inflammation in PC12 Cells vol.18, pp.10, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102218
  4. Protective Effects of Sesquiterpenoids from the Root of Panax ginseng on Fulminant Liver Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine vol.66, pp.29, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02627
  5. Red Ginseng Oil Inhibits TPA-Induced Transformation of Skin Epidermal JB6 Cells vol.21, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.4082
  6. Sesquiterpenoids from the root of Panax Ginseng protect CCl4–induced acute liver injury by anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative capabilities in mice vol.102, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.041
  7. Chemopreventive Activity of Red Ginseng Oil in a Mouse Model of Azoxymethane/Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Inflammation-Associated Colon Carcinogenesis vol.22, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2018.4328
  8. Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Oil in an Ultraviolet B-Induced Hairless Mouse Model vol.25, pp.20, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204755
  9. Red ginseng oil promotes hair growth and protects skin against UVC radiation vol.45, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.12.008