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Antioxidant Activities and Changes in trans-Resveratrol and Indigestible Oligosaccharides according to Fermentation Periods in Cheonggukjang

청국장의 발효기간에 따른 trans-Resveratrol과 비소화성 올리고당의 변화 및 항산화활성

  • Choi, Myounghyo (Div. of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Cho, Kyeman (Div. of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Nam, Sanghae (Div. of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology)
  • 최명효 (경남과학기술대학교 식품과학부) ;
  • 조계만 (경남과학기술대학교 식품과학부) ;
  • 남상해 (경남과학기술대학교 식품과학부)
  • Received : 2013.10.10
  • Accepted : 2013.12.20
  • Published : 2014.02.28

Abstract

Cheonggukjang was manufactured using three different kinds of soybeans, after which changes in the content of phytoalexins such as trans-resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) were measured. Along with phytoalexins, changes in the content of functional oligosaccharides such as stachyose and raffinose were also measured, and the corresponding antioxidant activities were studied. The content of trans-resveratrol was found to be higher in fermented beans than in raw beans. Generally, the content was higher as the fermentation period increased. After 48 hours of fermentation, the contents of trans-resveratrol were $50.06{\pm}0.82$, $39.04{\pm}0.49$, and $34.00{\pm}0.54{\mu}g/g$ (Nulchan, Daewon, and Taekwang), respectively, which is 4 times higher than the contents of raw beans. The contents of stachyose were $10.84{\pm}0.42{\sim}13.05{\pm}0.13mg/g$ in raw beans, $11.37{\pm}0.03{\sim}12.05{\pm}0.52mg/g$ immediately after boiling, and $0.16{\pm}0.01{\sim}0.33{\pm}0.02mg/g$ after 12 hours of fermentation, which is a 97% decrease from those of raw beans. After 24 hours of fermentation, no amount of stachyose was detected. The contents of raffinose were the lowest in raw beans at $2.66{\pm}0.09{\sim}3.54{\pm}0.05mg/g$, but they increased 3~4 times between boiling and 24 hours of fermentation to $10.61{\pm}0.16{\sim}12.66{\pm}0.17mg/g$. However, raffinose content tended to decrease to $8.28{\pm}0.17{\sim}11.83{\pm}0.44mg/g$ after 48 hours of fermentation. From FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays, antioxidant activities according to fermentation period of Cheonggukjang were rather low in boiled soybeans compare to raw soybeans. However, the activities were higher as the fermentation period increased. The antioxidant activity of trans-resveratrol showed an $RC_{50}$ value of $4.71{\pm}0.36{\sim}8.46{\pm}0.05{\mu}g/mL$ from the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. This could be partly due to the significant increase in trans-resveratrol according to fermentation periods. However, changes in functional oligosaccharides (stachyose and raffinose) during fermentation appear to not be related to the antioxidant effects of Cheonggukjang.

몇 가지 식물에서 발견되는 항독성 물질(phytoalexin)인 trans-resveratrol(3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene)은 항암, 항산화효과 및 심혈관질환 등에 효과가 큰 물질로 알려져 있으며, 포도, 땅콩 및 오디 등의 발효 시에 증가되어 그 효과가 커지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 한편 stachyose 및 raffinose 등의 기능성 올리고당은 장내 미생물의 생육을 도와 정장작용을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 3품종의 대두를 이용하여 제조한 청국장의 발효 중 trans-resveratrol과 기능성 올리고당의 함량 변화를 조사하였으며, 이에 따른 항산화효과를 알아보려고 하였다. trans-Resveratrol 함량은 원료 콩보다는 발효되었을 때 대체로 발효기간이 길어질수록 그 함량이 높게 나타났다. 특히 48시간 발효 후에는 3품종의 콩에서 늘찬, 대원 및 태광의 순으로 각각 $50.06{\pm}0.82$, $39.04{\pm}0.49$, $34.00{\pm}0.54{\mu}g/g$이었으며, 원료 콩에 비하여 4배 이상 증가하였다. Stachyose 함량은 원료 콩에서 $10.84{\pm}0.42{\sim}13.05{\pm}0.13mg/g$, 증자 직후에는 $11.37{\pm}0.03{\sim}12.05{\pm}0.52mg/g$이었으나, 발효 12시간 후에는 $0.16{\pm}0.01{\sim}0.33{\pm}0.02mg/g$으로 원료 콩에 비하여 97% 이상이 줄어들었으며 발효 24시간 후부터는 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 한편 raffinose의 함량은 원료 콩에서 $2.66{\pm}0.09{\sim}3.54{\pm}0.05mg/g$으로 가장 낮았고, 증자 직후부터 발효 24시간 후에는 $10.61{\pm}0.16{\sim}12.66{\pm}0.17mg/g$으로 약 3~4배가량 증가하였으나 48시간에서는 오히려 $8.28{\pm}0.17{\sim}11.83{\pm}0.44mg/g$으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 청국장의 발효기간에 따른 항산화효과는 FRAP, DPPH, ABTS assay 모두에서 증자 직후에는 원료 콩에서보다 다소 낮게 나타났으나 대체로 발효기간이 길어짐에 따라 활성이 높아지는 경향이었다. 이와 같은 경향은 trans-resveratrol의 항산화활성이 DPPH, ABTS와 FRAP assay 등에서 $RC_{50}$ 값이 $4.71{\pm}0.36{\sim}8.46{\pm}0.05{\mu}g/mL$인 것을 미루어 볼 때, 발효기간에 따라 유의적으로 증가한 trans-resveratrol의 영향이 일부 있었을 것으로 생각되었다. 그러나 발효 중 기능성 올리고당(stachyose 및 raffinose)의 변화는 청국장의 항산화효과와는 관련이 없는 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

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