Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (아시아태평양암예방학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

No Association between Traffic Density and Risk of Childhood Leukemia: a Meta-analysis

  • Sun, Xiao-Xi (Department of Laboratory Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University) ;
  • Zhang, Shan-Shan (School of medicine, Shandong University) ;
  • Ma, Xiao-Ling (Department of Laboratory Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University)
  • Published : 2014.07.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: While many studies have concluded that local traffic density is positively associated with childhood leukemia, the results are inconsistent. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to assess the relationship between traffic density and the risk of childhood leukemia. Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out using PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from January 1979 to December 2013. We selected and assessed journal articles evaluating the relationship between local traffic density and the risk of leukemia in children. The analysis was carried out using STATA version 12.0. Results: A total of 11 articles, including 12 estimates of effect, were included in our meta-analysis. The summary effect size from the random-effects model, expressed as an odds ratio, was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.98-1.09, p=0.002). No significant association between traffic density and the risk of childhood leukemia was found. Similar conclusions were found on subgroup analysis. Conclusions: The results of our meta-analysis suggested no association between traffic density and the risk of childhood leukemia. This implies that living in close proximity to roads with heavy traffic may not increase the risk of childhood leukemia. However, further high-quality prospective trials are needed to support these results.

Keywords

References

  1. Amigou A, Sermage-Faure C, Orsi L, et al (2011). Road traffic and childhood leukemia: the ESCALE study (SFCE). Environ Health Perspect, 119, 566.
  2. Badaloni C, Ranucci A, Cesaroni G, et al (2013). Air pollution and childhood leukaemia: a nationwide case-control study in Italy. Occup Environ Med, 70, 876-83. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101604
  3. Belson M, Kingsley B, Holmes A (2007). Risk factors for acute leukemia in children: a review. Environ Health Perspect, 115, 138.
  4. Brauner EV, Andersen CE, Andersen HP, et al (2010). Is there any interaction between domestic radon exposure and air pollution from traffic in relation to childhood leukemia risk? Cancer Causes Control, 21, 1961-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9608-4
  5. Chen GC, Lv DB, Pang Z, et al (2013). Fruits and vegetables consumption and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Cancer, 133, 190-200. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27992
  6. Crosignani P, Tittarelli A, Borgini A, et al (2004). Childhood leukemia and road traffic: a population-based case-control study. Int J Cancer, 108, 596-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11597
  7. Duarte-Davidson R, Courage C, Rushton L, et al (2001). Benzene in the environment: an assessment of the potential risks to the health of the population. Occup Environ Med, 58, 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.1.2
  8. Harrison RM, Leung P-L, Somervaille L, et al (1999). Gilman E. Analysis of incidence of childhood cancer in the West Midlands of the United Kingdom in relation to proximity to main roads and petrol stations. Occup Environ Med, 56, 774-80. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.56.11.774
  9. Heck JE, Wu J, Lombardi C, et al (2013). Childhood cancer and traffic-related air pollution exposure in pregnancy and early life. Environ Health Perspect, 121, 1385.
  10. Higgins J, Thompson SG (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med, 21, 1539-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186
  11. Higgins J, Thompson SG, Spiegelhalter DJ (2009). A re-evaluation of random-effects meta-analysis. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc, 172, 137-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2008.00552.x
  12. Knox E (2006). Roads, railways, and childhood cancers. J Epidemiol Community Health, 60, 136-41. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.042036
  13. Kumar A, Vashist M, Rathee R (2014). Maternal factors and risk of childhood leukemia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 781-4. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.2.781
  14. Langholz B, Ebi KL, Thomas DC, et al (2002). Traffic density and the risk of childhood leukemia in a Los Angeles case-control study. Ann Epidemiol, 12, 482-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-2797(01)00317-9
  15. London SJ, Thomas DC, Bowman JD, et al (1991). Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia. Am J Epidemiol, 134, 923-37. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116176
  16. Nordlinder R, Jarvholm B (1997). Environmental exposure to gasoline and leukemia in children and young adults-an ecology study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 70, 57-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050186
  17. Pearson RL, Wachtel H, Ebi KL (2000). Distance-weighted traffic density in proximity to a home is a risk factor for leukemia and other childhood cancers. J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 50, 175-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2000.10463998
  18. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Hertel O, Thomsen BL, et al (2001). Air pollution from traffic at the residence of children with cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 153, 433-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/153.5.433
  19. Rajabli N, Naeimi-Tabeie M, Jahangirrad A, et al (2013). Epidemiology of leukemia and multiple myeloma in Golestan, Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 2333-6. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.4.2333
  20. Reynolds P, Elkin E, Scalf R, et al (2001). A case-control pilot study of traffic exposures and early childhood leukemia using a geographic information system. Bioelectromagnetics, 22, S58-S68. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-186X(2001)22:5+<::AID-BEM1024>3.0.CO;2-9
  21. Reynolds P, Von Behren J, Gunier RB, et al (2002). Traffic patterns and childhood cancer incidence rates in California, United States. Cancer Causes Control, 13, 665-73. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019579430978
  22. Reynolds P, Von Behren J, Gunier RB, et al (2004). Residential exposure to traffic in California and childhood cancer. Epidemiology, 15, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000101749.28283.de
  23. Savitz DA, Feingold L (1989). Association of childhood cancer with residential traffic density. Scand J Work Environ Health, 15, 360-3. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1848
  24. Smith MT, Zhang L (1998). Biomarkers of leukemia risk: benzene as a model. Environ Health Perspect, 106, 937. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106s4937
  25. Steffen C, Auclerc M, Auvrignon A, et al (2004). Acute childhood leukaemia and environmental exposure to potential sources of benzene and other hydrocarbons; a case-control study. Occup Environ Med, 61, 773-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2003.010868
  26. Vinceti M, Rothman KJ, Crespi CM, et al (2012). Leukemia risk in children exposed to benzene and PM10 from vehicular traffic: a case-control study in an Italian population. Eur J Epidemiol, 27, 781-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-012-9727-1
  27. Visser O, van Wijnen JH, van Leeuwen FE (2004). Residential traffic density and cancer incidence in Amsterdam, 1989-1997. Cancer Causes Control, 15, 331-9. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CACO.0000027480.32494.a3
  28. Von Behren J, Reynolds P, Gunier RB, et al (2008). Residential traffic density and childhood leukemia risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 17, 2298-301. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0338
  29. Wells G, Shea B, O'Connell D, et al (2011). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. URL: http://www ohri ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford asp.
  30. Weng H-H, Tsai S-S, Chen C-C, et al (2008). Childhood leukemia development and correlation with traffic air pollution in Taiwan using nitrogen dioxide as an air pollutant marker. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 71, 434-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390701839042
  31. Weng H-H, Tsai S-S, Chiu H-F, et al (2008). Childhood leukemia and traffic air pollution in Taiwan: petrol station density as an indicator. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 72, 83-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390802477338
  32. Wertheimer N, Leeper E (1979). Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 109, 273-84. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112681
  33. Xu T, Zhang YH (2012). Association of psoriasis with stroke and myocardial infarction: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Dermatol, 167, 1345-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12002
  34. Zheng R-Z, Zhang Q-H, He Y-X, et al (2013). Historical long-term exposure to pentachlorophenol causing risk of cancer-a community study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 811-6. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.2.811

Cited by

  1. A Review and Meta-Analysis of Outdoor Air Pollution and Risk of Childhood Leukemia vol.33, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2015.1002999