Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (아시아태평양암예방학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Association between Vegetable, Fruit and Carbohydrate Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Physical Activity

  • Kruk, Joanna (Department of Prevention and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin)
  • Published : 2014.06.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Although the nutritional may exert effect on the breast cancer risk, it is not clear whether the role diet is the same in sedentary and physically active women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between fruit, vegetable and carbohydrate intake and the risk of breast cancer among Polish women considering their physical activity level. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted that included 858 women with histological confirmed breast cancer and 1,085 controls, free of any cancer diagnosis, aged 28-78 years. The study was based on a self-administered questionnaire to ascertain physical activity, dietary intake, sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive factors, family history of breast cancer, current weight and high, and other lifestyle factors. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in unconditional logistic regression analyses including a broad range of potential confounders. Results: With comparison of the highest vs lowest quartile of intake, strong significant associations were observed for total vegetables (OR=0.37, 95%CI=0.20-0.69 P for trend <0.01 and OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.29-0.96, P for trend <0.02), and total fruits (OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.25-0.87, P for trend <0.05 and OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.24-0.90, P for trend <0.02) among women characterized by the lowest and the highest quartile of physical activity. No associations were observed for total carbohydrate intake. Additional analysis showed a positive association for sweets and desert intake among women in the lowest quartile of physical activity (OR=3.49, 95%CI=1.67-7.30, P for trend <0.009) for extreme quartiles of intake comparing to the referent group. Conclusions: The results suggest that a higher consumption of vegetable and fruit may be associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, especially among women who were low or most physically active throughout their lifetimes. These findings do not support an association between diet high in carbohydrate and breast cancer. However, a higher intake of sweets and deserts may by associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among women who were less physically active.

Keywords

References

  1. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt WC, et al (2000). Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32, 498-516. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009
  2. Albuquerque RC, Baltar VT, Marchioni DM (2013). Breast cancer and dietary patterns: a systematic review. Nutr Rev, 72, 1-17.
  3. Alegre MM, Knowles MH, Robison RA, O'Neill KL (2013). Mechanics behind breast cancer prevention - focus on obesity, exercise and dietary fat. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 2207-12. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.4.2207
  4. Bao PP, Shu XO, Zheng Y, et al (2012). Fruit, vegetable, and animal food intake and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status. Nutr Cancer, 64, 806-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2012.707277
  5. Barrett-Connor E, Friedlander NJ (1993). Dietary fat, calories, and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a prospective population-based study. J Am Coll Nutr, 12, 390-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1993.10718328
  6. Bartosz G (2003). Druga twarz tlenu. Wolne rodniki w przyrodzie. Wyd. Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2003.
  7. Block G, Hatman AM, Naughton D (1990). A reduced dietary questionnaire: development and validation. Epidemiology, 1, 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199001000-00013
  8. Brennan SF, Cantwell MM, Cardwell CR, et al (2010). Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 91, 1294-302. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28796
  9. Brown NS, Bicknell R (2001). Hypoxia and oxidative stress in breast cancer. Oxidative stress: its effect on the growth, metastatic potential and response to therapy of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res, 3, 323-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr315
  10. Buck K, Vrieling A, Flesch-Janys D, Chang-Claude J (2011). Dietary patterns and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a German case-control study. Cancer Causes Control, 22, 273-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9695-2
  11. Butler LM, Wu AH, Wang R, et al (2010). A vegetable-fruit-soy dietary pattern protects against breast cancer among postmenopausal Singapore Chinese women. Am J Clin Nutr, 91, 1013-9. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28572
  12. Chlebowski RT (2013). Nutrition and physical activity influence on breast cancer incidence and outcome. The Breast, 22, 30-7.
  13. Chen YM, Ho SC, Woo JL (2006). Greater fruit and vegetable intake is associated with increased bone mass among postmenopausal Chinese women. Br J Nutr, 96, 745-51.
  14. Cho E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Chen WY, Colditz GA, Willett WC et al (2003). Premenopausal dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index, glycemic load, and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 12, 1153-8.
  15. Clague J, Bernstein L (2012). Physical activity and cancer. Curr Oncol Rep, 14, 550-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-012-0265-5
  16. Cottet V, Touvier M, Fournier A, et al (2009). Postmenopausal breast cancer risk and dietary patterns in the E3 N-EPIC prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol, 170, 1257-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp257
  17. Cui X, Dai Q, Tseng M, et al (2007). Dietary patterns and breast cancer in the Shanghai breast cancer study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 16, 1443-8. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0059
  18. Davies KJ, Quintanilha AT, Brooks GA, Parker L (1982). Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Common, 107, 1198-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(82)80124-1
  19. Dong JY, Qin LQ (2011). Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 126, 287-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-011-1343-3
  20. Franceschi S, Negri E, Salvini S, et al (1993). Reproducibility of an Italian food frequency questionnaire for cancer studies: results for specific food items. Eur J Cancer, 29, 2298-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(93)90225-5
  21. Frei B (1994). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant vitamins: mechanisms of action. Am J Med, 97, 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(94)90292-5
  22. Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Vena JE, et al (1996). Premenopausal breast cancer risk and intake of vegetables, fruits, and related nutrients. J Natl Cancer Inst, 88, 340-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/88.6.340
  23. Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS, Bryant HE (1998). The lifetime total physical activity questionnaire: development and reliability. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30, 266-74.
  24. Gandini S, Merzenich H, Robertson C, Boyle P (2000). Meta-analysis of studies on breast cancer risk and diet: the role o fruit and vegetable consumption and the intake of associated micronutrients. Eur J Cancer, 36, 636-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00022-8
  25. Gao Y, Huang Y-B, Liu X-O, et al (2013). Tea consumption, alcohol drinking and physical activity associations with breast cancer risk among Chinese females: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 7543-50. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.12.7543
  26. George SM, Irwin ML, Smith AW, et al (2011). Postdiagnosis diet quality, the combination of diet quality and recreational physical activity, and prognosis after early-stage breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 22, 589-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9732-9
  27. Giles GG, Simpson JA, English DR, et al (2006). Dietary carbohydrate, fiber, glycaemic index, glycaemic load and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer, 118, 1843-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21548
  28. Giovannucci E (1999). Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer. Review of epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91, 317-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.4.317
  29. Glowny Urzad Statystyczny (GUS) (2004). Stan zdrowia ludnosci Polski w 2004 r. (In Polish) GUS, Warszawa 2006.
  30. Gorner K, Jurczak A, Spieszny M, Mucha D, Makuch R (2013). Chosen individual factors of adolescents' physical development in their leisure time. Centr Eur J Sport Sci Med, 1, 31-7.
  31. Gunter MJ, Hoover DR, Yu H, et al (2009). Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst, 101, 48-60. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn415
  32. Haluska P, Carboni JM, Loegering DA, et al (2006). In vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of the dual insulin-like growth factor-I/insulin receptor inhibitor, BMS-554417. Cancer Res, 66, 362-71. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1107
  33. Hirose K, Matsuo K, Iwata H, Tajima K (2007). Dietary patterns and the risk of breast cancer in Japanese women. Cancer Sci, 98, 1431-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00540.x
  34. Holmes MD, Liu S, Hankinson SE, et al (2004). Dietary carbohydrates, fiber, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol, 159, 732-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh112
  35. Holmes MD, Willett WC (2004). Does diet affect breast cancer risk? Breast Cancer Res, 6, 170-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr909
  36. Horn-Ross PL, Hoggatt KJ, West DW, et al (2002). Recent diet and breast cancer risk: the California Teachers Study (USA). Cancer Causes Control, 13, 407-15. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015786030864
  37. Hui C, Qi X, Qianyong Z, et al (2013). Flavonoids, flavonoid subclasses and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. PLoS One, 8, e54318. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054318
  38. Iscovich JM, Iscovich RB, Howe G, Shiboski S, Kaldor JM (1989). A case-control study of diet and breast cancer in Argentina. Int J Cancer, 44, 770-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910440504
  39. Kelley DS, Bendich A (1996). Essential nutrients and immunologic functions. Am J Clin Nutr, 63, 994-6.
  40. Klaunig JE, Kamendulis LM, Hocevar BA (2010). Oxidative stress and oxidative damage in carcinogenesis. Toxicologic Pathology, 38, 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623309356453
  41. Knekt P, Albanes D, Seppanen R, et al (1990). Dietary fat and risk of breast cancer. Am J Clin Nutr, 52, 903-8.
  42. Krinsky NI, Deneke SM (1982). Interaction of oxygen and oxy-radicals with carotenoids. J Natl Cancer Inst, 69, 205-10.
  43. Kriska AM, Knowler WC, LaPorte RE, et al (1990). Development of questionnaire to examine relationship of physical activity and diabetes in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care, 13, 401-11. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.13.4.401
  44. Kruk J (2007). Association of lifestyle and other risk factors with breast cancer according to menopausal status: a case-control study in the region of Western Pomerania (Poland). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 8, 513-24.
  45. Kruk J (2009). Intensity of lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk among Polish women. J Sports Sciences, 27, 437-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802668510
  46. Kruk J (2011). Physical exercise and oxidative stress. Medicina Sportiva, 15, 30-40. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10036-011-0004-2
  47. Kruk J, Marchlewicz M (2013). Dietary fat and physical activity in relation to breast cancer among Polish women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 2495-502. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.4.2495
  48. Kushi LH, Sellers TA, Potter JD, et al (1992). Dietary fat and postmenopausal breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 84, 1092-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/84.14.1092
  49. La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Franceschi S, et al (1987). Dietary factors and the risk of breast cancer. Nutr Cancer, 10, 205-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635588709513958
  50. Lajous M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Fabre A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Romieu I (2008). Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a prospective study of French women. Am J Clin Nutr, 87, 1384-91.
  51. Larsson SC, Mantzoros CS, Wolk A (2007). Diabetes mellitus and risk of a breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer, 121, 856-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22717
  52. Lisowska J, Gaudet MM, Brinton LA, et al (2008). Intake of fruits and vegetables in relation to breast cancer by hormone receptor status. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 107, 113-7.
  53. Liu X-O, Huang Y-B, Gao Y, et al (2014). Association between dietary factors and breast cancer risk among Chinese females: systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 1291-8. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.3.1291
  54. London C (2006). Tomatoes and natural tomato complex may be the ultimate women's health food. Total Health, 28, 20-1.
  55. Macdonald HM, New SA, Reid DM (2005). Longitudinal changes in dietary intake in Scottish women around the menopause: changes in dietary pattern result in minor changes in nutrient intake. Public Health Nutr, 8, 409-16.
  56. Mannisto S, Dixon LB, Balder HF, et al (2005). Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: results from three cohort studies in the DIETSCAN project. Cancer Causes Control, 16, 725-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-005-1763-7
  57. Maruti SS, Willett WC, Feskanich D, et al. (2009). Physical activity and premenopausal cancer: An examination of recall and selection bias. Cancer Cause Control, 20, 549-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-008-9263-1
  58. Michels KB, Mohllajee AP, Roset-Bahmanyar E, Beehler GP, Moysich KB (2007). Diet and breast cancer: a review of the prospective observational studies. Cancer, 109, 2712-49. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22654
  59. Minatoya M, Kutomi G, Asakura S, et al (2013). Equol, adiponectin, insulin levels and risk of breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 2191-9. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.4.2191
  60. Nielsen TG, Olsen A, Christensen J, Overvad K, Tionneland A (2005). Dietary carbohydrate intake is not associated with the breast cancer incidence the ratio in postmenopausal Danish women. J Nutr, 135, 124-8.
  61. Nkondjock A, Ghadirian P (2005). Associated nutritional risk of breast and colon cancers: a population-based case-control study in Montreal, Canada. Cancer Lett, 223, 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2004.11.034
  62. Nyberg F, Hou SM, Pershagen G, Lambert B (2003). Dietary fruits and vegetables protect against somatic mutation in vivo, but low or high intake of carotenoids does not. Carcinogenesis, 24, 689-96. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgg017
  63. Oxford University Press USA (2014). Consuming a high-fat diet is associated with increased risk of certain types of breast cancer. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 9 April 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140409204417.htm
  64. Pawlega J (1992). Breast cancer and smoking, vodka drinking and dietary habits. A case-control study. Acta Oncol, 31, 387-92. https://doi.org/10.3109/02841869209088276
  65. Powers SK, De Ruisseau KC, Quindry J, Hamilton KL (2004). Dietary antioxidants and exercise. J Sports Sci, 22, 81-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140563
  66. Reuter S, Gupta SC, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB (2010). Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: How are they linked? Free Radic Biol Med, 49, 1603-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006
  67. Romieu I, Lajous M (2009). The role of obesity, physical activity and dietary factors on the risk for breast cancer: Mexican experience. Salud Publica Mex, 51, 172-80. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342009000200015
  68. Sangrajrang S, Chaiwerawattana A, Ploysawang P, et al (2013). Obesity, diet and physical inactivity and risk of breast cancer in Thai women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 7023-7. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.11.7023
  69. Sarma AD, Mallick AR, Ghosh (2010). Free radicals and their role in different clinical conditions: an overview. Int J Pharma Sci Res, 1, 185-92.
  70. Shibata A, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, Henderson BE (1992). Intake of vegetables, fruits, beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin supplements and cancer incidence among the elderly: a prospective study. Br J Cancer, 66, 673-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1992.336
  71. Sieri S, Krogh V, Muti P, et al (2002). Fat and protein intake and subsequent breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Nutr Cancer, 42, 10-7. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327914NC421_2
  72. Silvera SA, Jain M, Howe GR, Miller AB, Rohan TE (2005). Dietary carbohydrates and breast cancer risk: a prospective study of the roles of overall glycemic index and glycemic load. Int J Cancer, 114, 653-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20796
  73. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, et al (2001). Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. JAMA, Feb 14, 285, 769-76. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.6.769
  74. Sulaiman S, Shahril MR, Shaharudin SH, et al (2011). Fat intake and its relationship with pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Malaysia. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 12, 2167-78.
  75. Terry P, Suzuki R, Hu FB, Wolk A (2001). A prospective study of major dietary patterns and the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 10, 1281-5.
  76. Thomson HJ (1994). Effect of exercise intensity and duration on the induction of mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Res, 54, 1960-3.
  77. Tworoger SS, Missmer SA, Eliassen AH, et al (2007). Physical activity and inactivity in relation to sex hormone, prolactin and insulin-like growth factor concentrations in premenopausal women - exercise and premenopausal hormones. Cancer Causes Control, 18, 743-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-007-9017-5
  78. Verhoeven DT, Assen N, Goldbohm RA, et al (1997). Vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer, 75, 149-55. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1997.25
  79. Waskiewicz A, Piotrowski W, Sygnowska E, et al (2008). Quality of nutrition and health knowledge in subjects with diagnosed cardio-vascular diseases in the Polish population - National Multicentre Health Survey (WOBASZ). Kardiologia Polska, 66, 507-13.
  80. Wettasinghe M, Bolling B, Plhak H, Parkin K (2002). Screening for phase II enzyme-inducing and antioxidant activities of common vegetables. J Fod Sci, 67, 2583-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08781.x
  81. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective, The Panel's judgements Washington, DC: AICR 2007.
  82. Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, Stanczyk FZ, Pike MC (2009). Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 1145-54. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26915
  83. Wu T, Giovannucci E, Pischon T, et al (2004). Fructose, glycemic load, and quantity and quality of carbohydrate in relation to plasma C-peptide concentrations in US women. Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 1043-9.
  84. Xiao D, Vogel V, Singh SV (2006). Benzyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is initiated by reactive oxygen species and regulated by Bax and Bak. Mol Cancer Ther, 5, 2931-45. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0396
  85. Yaw YH, Shariff ZM, Kandiah M, et al (2014). Diet and physical activity in relation to weight change among breast cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 39-44. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.1.39
  86. Yun SH, Kim K, Nam SJ, Kong G, Kim MK (2010). The association of carbohydrate intake, glycemic load, glycemic index, and selected rice food with breast cancer risk: a case-control study in South Korea. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 19, 383-92.
  87. Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, et al (2009). Greater vegetable and fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer, 125, 181-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24358
  88. Zhang C-X, Ho SC, Fu J-H, et al (2011). Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk among Chinese women. Cancer Causes Control, 22, 115-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9681-8
  89. Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, et al (1999). Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91, 547-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.6.547
  90. Zhu Y-Y, Zhou L, Jiao S-C, Xu L-Z (2011). Relationship between soy food intake and breast cancer in China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12, 2837-40.

Cited by

  1. Anti-metastasis Activity of Black Rice Anthocyanins Against Breast Cancer: Analyses Using an ErbB2 Positive Breast Cancer Cell Line and Tumoral Xenograft Model vol.15, pp.15, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.15.6219
  2. Analysis of Mammographic Breast Density in a Group of Screening Chinese Women and Breast Cancer Patients vol.15, pp.15, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.15.6411
  3. Lifestyle Components and Primary Breast Cancer Prevention vol.15, pp.24, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.24.10543
  4. Dietary Resistant Starch Contained Foods and Breast Cancer Risk: a Case-Control Study in Northwest of Iran vol.16, pp.10, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.10.4185
  5. Reproductive Risk Factors Differ Among Breast Cancer Patients and Controls in a Public Hospital of Paraiba, Northeast Brazil vol.16, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.7.2959
  6. Antioxidant Phytochemicals for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases vol.20, pp.12, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219753
  7. Dietary Patterns and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women in Guilan Province, Iran vol.17, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.4.2035
  8. Drink Red: Phenolic Composition of Red Fruit Juices and Their Sensorial Acceptance vol.2, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages2040029
  9. Discovering Health Benefits of Phytochemicals with Integrated Analysis of the Molecular Network, Chemical Properties and Ethnopharmacological Evidence vol.10, pp.8, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081042