DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Anti-inflammatory Activities of Fermented Black Garlic

흑마늘 발효물의 항염증 활성

  • Tak, Hyun-Min (Namhae Garilic Research Institute) ;
  • Kang, Min-Jung (Namhae Garilic Research Institute) ;
  • Kim, Kyoung Min (Namhae Garilic Research Institute) ;
  • Kang, Dawon (Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Han, Sunkyu (Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Shin, Jung-Hye (Namhae Garilic Research Institute)
  • 탁현민 ((재)남해마늘연구소) ;
  • 강민정 ((재)남해마늘연구소) ;
  • 김경민 ((재)남해마늘연구소) ;
  • 강다원 (경상대학교 의학전문대학원 생리학교실) ;
  • 한선규 (경상대학교 의학전문대학원 생리학교실) ;
  • 신정혜 ((재)남해마늘연구소)
  • Received : 2014.06.13
  • Accepted : 2014.08.01
  • Published : 2014.10.31

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented black garlic (FBG) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. FBG did not show cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations less than $800{\mu}g/mL$, and cell viability increased with FBG concentration. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production as well as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and IL-6 formation decreased in an FBG concentration-dependent manner, in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, activation of LPS-inducible nitric synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$), and inhibitory kappa B ($I{\kappa}B$) protein expression was effectively inhibited by FBG treatment in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In contrast, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression significantly increased. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory activity of FBG was due to activation of NF-${\kappa}B$, inhibition of cytokine production, and expression of iNOS and COX-2. From these results, we expect that FBG could contribute to the prevention and improvement of inflammatory disease.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus로 발효시킨 흑마늘 발효물의 항염증 효능을 검증하기 위해 LPS로 염증 유도된 RAW 264.7 cells를 이용하여 관련 인자들을 분석하였다. 100, 200, 400 및 $800{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 세포독성은 유발되지 않았으며, 오히려 농도 의존적으로 세포 생존율은 증가하였다. LPS에 의해 염증 유도된 RAW 264.7 cells에서 흑마늘 발효물은 농도 의존적으로 NO와 $PGE_2$의 생성 감소와 염증성 사이토카인인 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ 및 IL-6의 단백질 생성을 감소시켰다. 또한 iNOS, COX-2, NF-${\kappa}B$$I{\kappa}B$ 단백질의 발현을 감소시키고 HO-1의 단백질의 발현을 증가시켰다. 이상의 연구 결과를 통해 흑마늘 발효물은 염증에 의한 NF-${\kappa}B$의 활성과 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$와 IL-6의 생성을 억제시키고, iNOS 및 COX-2의 발현을 억제시키는 메커니즘을 통해 염증성 질환의 예방 및 개선 효능을 나타내는 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Janeway CA Jr, Medzhitov R. 2002. Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 20: 197-216. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359
  2. Kim CH. 2009. Immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria and bioactive peptides derived from milk. Korean J Dairy Sci Technol 27: 37-43.
  3. Uthaisangsook S, Day NK, Bahna SL, Good RA, Haraguchi S. 2002. Innate immunity and its role against infections. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 88: 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62005-4
  4. Birk RW, Gratchev A, Hakiy N, Politz O, Schledzewski K, Guillot P, Orfanos CE, Goerdt S. 2001. Alternative activation of antigen-presenting cells: concepts and clinical relevance. Hautarzt 52: 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001050051289
  5. Lingen MW. 2001. Role of leukocytes and endothelial cells in the development of angiogenesis in inflammation and wound healing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 125: 67-71.
  6. Klimp AH, de Vries EG, Scherphof GL, Daemen T. 2002. A potential role of macrophage activation in the treatment of cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 44: 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-8428(01)00203-7
  7. Beutler B. 2004. Innate immunity: an overview. Mol Immunol 40: 845-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2003.10.005
  8. Yu AR, Park HY, Choi IW, Park YK, Hong HD, Choi HD. 2012. Immune enhancing effect of medicinal herb extracts on a RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 41: 1521-1527. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.11.1521
  9. Kim SY, Jo MJ, Hwangbo M, Back YD, Jeong TY, Cho IJ, Jee SY. 2013. Anti-inflammatory effect of Stevia rebaudiana as a results of NF-$\kappa$B and MAPK inhibition. The Journal of Korean Oriental Medical Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology 26: 54-64. https://doi.org/10.6114/jkood.2013.26.3.054
  10. Kundu JK, Surh YJ. 2008. Inflammation: gearing the journey to cancer. Mutat Res 659: 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.03.002
  11. Park CY, Yoo HJ. 2004. Inflammation and obesity. J Korean Soc Endocrinol 19: 97-108.
  12. Nathan C. 2002. Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420: 846-852. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01320
  13. Tracey KJ. 2002. The inflammatory reflex. Nature 420: 853-859. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01321
  14. Shin JS, Park YM, Choi JH, Park HJ, Shin MC, Lee YS, Lee KT. 2010. Sulfuretin isolated from heartwood of Rhus verniciflua inhibits LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression via the down-regulation of NF-$\kappa$B in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Int Immunopharmacol 10: 943-950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2010.05.007
  15. Kang MJ, Lee SJ, Sung NJ, Shin JH. 2013. The effect of extract powder from fresh and black garlic on main components in serum and organs of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Life Sci 23: 432-442. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2013.23.3.432
  16. Kang MJ, Shin JH. 2012. The effect of black garlic extract on lipid metabolism in restraint stressed rats. J Life Sci 22: 1529-1537. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2012.22.11.1529
  17. Tak HM, Kim GM, Kim JS, Hwang CR, Kang MJ, Shin JH. 2014. Quality characteristics and biological activity of fermented black garlic with probiotics. J Life Sci 24: 549-557. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2014.24.5.549
  18. Park RD. 2002. Effects of allicin on cytokine production genes of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Korean J Food & Nutr 15: 191-196.
  19. Seo MJ, Kang BW, Park JU, Kim MJ, Lee HH, Ryu EJ, Joo WH, Kim KH, Jeong YK. 2013. Effect of black garlic extract on cytokine generation of mouse spleen cells. J Life Sci 23: 63-68. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2013.23.1.63
  20. Kim JY, Jung KS, Jeong HG. 2004. Suppressive effects of the kahweol and cafestol on cyclooxygenase-2 expression in macrophages. FEBS Lett 569: 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2004.05.070
  21. Seo JS, Lee TH, Lee SM, Lee SE, Seong NS, Kim JY. 2009. Inhibitory effects of methanolic extracts of medicinal plants on nitric oxide production in activated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Korean J Medicinal Crop Sci 17: 173-178.
  22. Weisz A, Cicatiello I, Esumi H. 1996. Regulation of the mouse inducible-type nitric oxide synthase gene promoter by interferonnn- gamma, bacterial lipopolysaccharide and NG-monomethyl- L-arginene. Biochem J 316: 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3160209
  23. Yoshitake J, Kato K, Yoshioka D, Sueishi Y, Sawa T, Akaike T, Yoshimura T. 2008. Suppression of NO production and 8-nitroguanosine formation by phenol containing endocrine disrupting chemicals in LPS-stimulated macrophages: involvement of estrogen receptor-dependent or independent pathways. Nitric Oxide 18: 223-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2008.01.003
  24. Kim HS, Han HS, Lee YJ. 2011. Studies on immuno modulating activity of fermented Sophorae Radix extract. Kor J Herbology 26:17-23.
  25. Wang MT, Honn KV, Nie D. 2007. Cycloxygenases, prostanoids and tumor progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 26: 525-534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-007-9096-5
  26. Masferrer JL, Zweifel BS, Manning PT, Hauser SD, Leahy KM, Smith WG, Isakson PC, Seibert K. 1994. Selective inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 in vivo is antiinflammatory and nonulcerogenic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91: 3228-3232. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.8.3228
  27. Koundouras S, Marinos V, Gkoulioti A, Kotseridis Y, van Leeuwen C. 2006. Influence of vineyard location and vine water status on fruit maturation of nonirrigated cv. Agiorgitiko (Vitis vinifera L.) effects on wine phenolic and aroma components. J Agric Food Chem 54: 5077-5086. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0605446
  28. Kang HW. 2012. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of extracts from Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) singer. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 41: 1072-1078. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.8.1072
  29. Jin KS, Oh YN, Lee JY, Son BY, Choi WB, Lee EW, Kwon HJ, Kim BW. 2013. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of seven medicinal herbs including Tetrapanax papyriferus and Piper longum linne. Korean J Microbiol Biotechnol 41: 253-262. https://doi.org/10.4014/kjmb.1207.07022
  30. Raz A, Wyche A, Siegel N, Needleman P. 1988. Regulation of fibroblast cyclooxygenase synthesis by interleukin-1. J Biol Chem 263: 3022-3028.
  31. Sunnaramaiah K, Telang N, Ramonetti JT, Araki R, Devito B, Weksker BB, Dannenberg AJ. 1996. Transcription of cyclooxygenase- 2 is enhanced in transformed mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 56: 4424-4429.
  32. Nathan C. 1992. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J 6: 3051-3064.
  33. Walsh LJ, Trinchieri G, Waldorf HA, Whitaker D, Murphy GF. 1991. Human dermal mast cells contain and release tumor necrosis factor alpha, which induces endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4220-4224. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.10.4220
  34. Bendtzen K. 1988. Interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor in infection, inflammation and immunity. Immunol Lett 19: 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2478(88)90141-1
  35. Natarajan K, Manna SK, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB. 1992. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors block tumor necrosis factor-induced activation of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$, degradation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, nuclear translocation of p65, and subsequent gene expression. Arch Biochem Biophys 352: 59-70.
  36. Zhang HL, Nagatsu A, Watanabe T, Sakakibara J, Okuyama H. 1997. Antioxidative compounds isolated from safflower (Carthamus tinctorus L.) oil cake. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 45: 1910-1914. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.45.1910
  37. Ghosh S, Hayden MS. 2008. New regulators of NF-${\kappa}B$ in inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 837-848. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2423
  38. Choi MW, Kim JI. 2013. Anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate fraction isolated from Undaria pinnatifida on lipopolysaccharides- stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46: 384-392. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2013.0384
  39. Allanson M, Reeve VE. 2004. Immunoprotective UVA (320-400 nm) irradiation upregulates heme oxygenase-1 in the dermis and epidermis of hairless mouse skin. J Invest Dermatol 122: 1030-1036. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22421.x
  40. Kim YH, Lee MJ, Lee HS, Kim JG, Park WH. 2011. Suppressive effect of Euryale ferox salisbury extracts on inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells through the anti oxidative mechanism. Korean J Oriental Physiology & Pathology 25: 202-211.
  41. Kikuchi G, Yoshida T, Noguchi M. 2005. Heme oxygenase and heme degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 338: 558-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.020

Cited by

  1. Physicochemical Properties, Biological Activity, Health Benefits, and General Limitations of Aged Black Garlic: A Review vol.22, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060919
  2. Correlations between Soil Environment and Bioactive Constituents of Namdo Garlic Harvested in the Non-volcanic Ash Soil Distributed Western Jeju vol.23, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7783/KJMCS.2015.23.2.125
  3. Optimization of Soy Sauce Production Conditions with Black Garlic Extract by Response Surface Methodology vol.32, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.9724/kfcs.2016.32.3.307
  4. Quality Characteristics of Vinegar Added with Different Levels of Black Garlic vol.32, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.9724/kfcs.2016.32.1.16
  5. on induced to LPS with Raw 264.7 cell vol.61, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2018.021
  6. 녹각 및 목이버섯의 젖산발효를 통한 GABA 생산 및 항염증활성 효과 vol.24, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2017.24.2.274
  7. Black Garlic and Its Bioactive Compounds on Human Health Diseases: A Review vol.26, pp.16, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165028