DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A review of canola meal as an alternative feed ingredient for ducks

  • Wickramasuriya, Samiru Sudharaka (Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Yi, Young-Joo (Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Yoo, Jaehong (Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kang, Nam Kyu (Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Heo, Jung Min (Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University)
  • 투고 : 2015.06.11
  • 심사 : 2015.08.07
  • 발행 : 2015.09.30

초록

This review provides an overview of the published data on the canola meal and its suitability for duck as an alternative plant-origin protein source to soybean meal. Canola meal is a legume origin protein source containing comparable amino acid profile to soybean meal and rich in essential minerals and vitamins. Nonetheless, it is known to contain less in energy content than soybean meal. Factors like field conditions and processing methods creates compositional variations among canola meal. Presence of anti-nutritional factors such as phenolic substances, phytate and glucosinolates which are known to reduce growth performance in livestock animals, are the major drawbacks for canola meal to be a competitive plant-origin protein source in the feed industry. This review is focused to address i) nutritional characteristics and feeding value of canola meal for ducks and ii) impacts of feeding canola meal on performances of ducks.

키워드

과제정보

연구 과제 주관 기관 : National Institute of Animal Science

참고문헌

  1. Swick RA. Considerations in using protein meal for poultry and swine. ASA technical Bulletin Vol. AN 21.1999. http://www.asaimsea.com/pdfs/AN21-swick.pdf. Accessed 16 July 2014.
  2. Laudadio V, Tufarelli V. Growth performance and carcass and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diets containing micronized-dehulled peas (Pisum sativum cv.Spirale) as a substitute of soybean meal. Poult Sci. 2010;89:1537-43. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00655
  3. Xu FZ, Li LM, Xu JP, Qian K, Zhang ZD, Liang ZY. Effects of fermented rapeseed meal on growth performance and serum parameters in ducks. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci. 2011;24:678-84. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10458
  4. Newkirk RW. Canola meal feed industry guide. 4th ed. Winnipeg: Canola Council of Canada; 2009. http://www.canolacouncil.org/media/516716/canola_meal_feed_guide_english.pdfv. Accessed 16 July 2014.
  5. Spragg JC, Mailer RJ. Canola meal value chain quality improvement. A final report for AOF and Pork CRC. 2008. http://www.australianoilseeds.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/5798/AOF_Stage_2_Protein_Meal_Report.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2014.
  6. Bell JM. Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: a review. Can J Anim Sci. 1993;73:679-97.
  7. CCC. Canadian canola meal. Winnipeg: Canola Council of Canada; 1990.
  8. CCC. Canola meal feed industry guide. Winnipeg: Canola Council of Canada; 1997.
  9. Slominski BA, Jia W, Rogiewicz A, Nyachoti CM, Hickling D. Low-fiber canola: chemical and nutritive composition of the meal. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60:12225-30. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf302117x
  10. Clandinin DR. Canola meal for livestock and poultry. Winnipeg: Canola Council of Canada; 1989.
  11. Sibbald IR. A bioassay for true metabolizable energy in feedstuffs. Poult Sci. 1976;55:303-8. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0550303
  12. Clandinin DR, Robblee AR. Apparent and true metabolizable energy values for low glucosinolate-type rapeseed meal. Feedstuffs. 1983;55:5-20.
  13. Lee KH, Qi GE, Sim JS. Metabolizable energy and amino acid availability of full-fat seeds, meals, and oils of flax and canola. Poult Sci. 1995;74:1341-8. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0741341
  14. Hong D, Ragland D, Adeola O. Additivity and associative effects of metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility in barley and canola meal for White Pekin ducks. Poult Sci. 2001;80:1600-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.11.1600
  15. Kong C, Adeola O. Comparative amino acid digestibility for broiler chickens and White Pekin ducks. Poult Sci. 2013;92(9):2367-74. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03042
  16. Tiwari SP, Kumari K, Gendley MK. Use of Azolla (Azolla Pinnata) as a protein supplement in the diet of semi - scavenging Khaki Cambell layer ducks. 2009; 200 In: Proceeding of fourth World Waterfowl Conference. http://www.waterfowl2009.vetcos.com/proceedings%20-%20IV%20WWC%20-%20Kerala,%20India.pdf Accessed 15 July 2015.
  17. Khajali F, Slominski BA. Factors that affect the nutritive value of canola meal for poultry. A review. Poult Sci. 2012;91:2564-75. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02332
  18. Ali MS, Kang GH, Yang HS, Jeong JY, Hwang YH, et al. A comparison of meat characteristics between duck and chicken breast. Asian Australas J Anim. 2007;20:1002-6. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.1002
  19. Scanes CG. Editorial: the global importance of poultry. Poult Sci. 2007;86:1057-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.6.1057
  20. Adzitey F, Adzitey SP. Duck production: has a potential to reduce poverty among rural households in Asian communities - a review. J World's Poult Res. 2011;1:7-10.
  21. Tai C, Tai JJL. Future Prospects of duck production in Asia. J Poult Sci. 2001;38(1):99-112. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.38.99
  22. Jia W, Mikulski D, Rogiewicz A, Zdunczyk Z, Jankowski J, Slominski BA. Low-fiber Canola (2) nutritive value of the meal. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60:12231-7. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf302118c
  23. CCC. Canola meal feed industry guide, 4th ed. Canola Council of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; 2009.
  24. Spragg JC, Mailer RJ. Canola meal value chain quality improvement. A final report for AOF and Pork CRC. 2007. http://www.porkcrc.com.au/Final_Report_1B-103.pdf. Accessed 16 June 2014.
  25. Mailer R. Canola meal, limitation and opportunities. Australian Oilseed Federation. 2004. http://www.australianoilseeds.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/1271/AOF_Canola_Meal_Report-Limitations__and__Opportunities_2004.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2015.
  26. Landero JL, Beltranena E, Cervantes M, Araiza AB, Zijlstra RT. The effect of feeding expeller-pressed canola meal on growth performance and diet nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2012;171:240-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.11.004
  27. Landero JL, Beltranena E, Cervantes M, Morales A, Zijlstra RT. The effect of feeding solvent-extracted canola meal on growth performance and diet nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2011;170:136-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.08.003
  28. Bell JM, Keith MO. A survey of variation in the chemical composition of commercial canola meal produced in Western Canadian crushing plants. Can J Anim Sci. 1991;71:469-80. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-056
  29. Spragg JC. Canola meal NIR calibration implementation: A report for AOF and Pork CRC. 2013. http://porkcrc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/4B-118-Final-Report-.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2014.
  30. Seneviratne RW, Young MG, Beltranena E, Goonewardene LA, Newkirk RW, Zijlstra RT. The nutritional value of expeller-pressed canola meal for grower-finisher pigs. J Anim Sci. 2010;88:2073-83. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2437
  31. Moughan PJ, Rutherfurd SM. A new method for determining digestible reactive lysine in foods. J Agric Food Chem. 1996;44:2202-9. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf950032j
  32. Newkirk RW, Classen HL. The effects of toasting canola meal on body weight, feed conversion efficiency, and mortality in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2002;85:815-25.
  33. van Barneveld RJ, Batterham ES, Norton BW. The effect of heat on amino acids for growing pigs. 2. Utilization of ileal-digestible lysine from heat-treated field peas (Pisum sativum cultivar Dundale). Br J Nutr. 1994;72:243-56. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19940027
  34. Barac M, Stanojevic S. The effect of microwave roasting on soybean protein composition and components with trypsin inhibitor activity. Acta Aliment. 2005;34:23-31. https://doi.org/10.1556/AAlim.34.2005.1.5
  35. Slominski BA, Campbell LD. Non-starch polysaccharides of canola meal: quantification, digestibility in poultry and potential benefit of dietary enzyme supplementation. J Sci Food Agric. 1990;53:175-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740530205
  36. Johnsson R, Bengtsson L. Yellow seeded rape and turnip rape - Influence of breeding for yellow seeds upon yield and quality properties. Sver Utsaedesfoeren Tidskr. 1970;2(3):149-55.
  37. Liang D. Effect of enzyme supplementation on the nutritive value of canola meal for broiler chickens. Msc. dissertation, Faculty of graduate studies, University of Manitoba. 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0012/MQ53178.pdf. Accessed 21 May 2014.
  38. Summers JD, Bedford M, Spratt D. Amino acid supplementation of canola meal. Can J Anim Sci. 1989;69:469-75. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-052
  39. Saricicek BZ, Kilic U, Garipoglu AV. Replacing soybean meal (SBM) by canola meal (CM): the effects of multi-enzyme and phytase supplementation on the performance of growing and laying quails. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci. 2005;18:1457-63. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.1457
  40. National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1994.
  41. Maison T. Evaluation of the nutritional value of canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and 00-rapeseed expellers fed to pigs. (Doctoral dissertation) Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2013. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/46593/Tanawong_Maison.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 10 July 2015.
  42. Choo YK, Kwon HJ, Oh ST, et?al. Growth performance and carcass characteristics of Korean native ducks fed diets with varying levels of limiting amino acids. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci. 2014;27(4):518-23. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13675
  43. Newkirk RW, Classen HL, Edney MJ. Effect of prepress-solvent extraction on the nutritional value of canola meal for broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2003;1047:111-9.
  44. Bonnardeaux J. Uses for canola meal. Department of agriculture and food, Western Australia.2007. http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/sust/biofuel/usesforcanolameal_report.pdf. Accessed Jan. 9, 2011.
  45. Kim JC, Mullan BP, Pluske JR. Prediction of apparent, standardized, and true ileal digestible total and reactive lysine contents in heat-damaged soybean meal samples. J Anim Sci. 2012;90 Suppl 4:137-9. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.53819
  46. Kim JC, Mullan BP. Quantification of the variability in the amino acid and reactive lysine content of soybean meal and development of A NIR calibration for rapid prediction of reactive lysine content. South Perth, WA 6151: Livestock Industries Innovation, Department of Agriculture and Food, 3 Baron-Hay Court; 2012.
  47. Kong C, Adeola O. Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in feedstuffs for White Pekin ducks. Poult Sci. 2010;89:545-50. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00485
  48. McFadden A, Mailer RJ. Sinapine in Australian Canola. Tamworth: In: 13th Biennial Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas; 2003. p. 96-8.
  49. Ravindran V, Bryden WL. Influence of phytic acid and available phosphorus levels on the response of broilers to supplemental Natuphos. Poult Res Foundation Rep, University of Sidney, Australia. 1997.
  50. Sturkie PD. Avian physiology. 4th ed. Springer-Verlag New York. 1986. p. 452-65.
  51. Tadelle D, Alemu Y, Moges HM, Fasil K. Effect of level of rapessed cake in rations on broiler performance. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2003;15:4.
  52. Bernadet MD, Peillod C, Lessire M, Guy G. Incorporation of Rapeseed meal in mule duck diets. Proceedings of IV world waterfowl conference, Thrissur, India. 2009; 161.
  53. Al-Asheh S, Duvnjak Z. The effect of surfactants on the phytase production and the reduction of the phytic acid content in canola meal by Aspergillus carbonarius during a solid state fermentation process. J Biotechnol Lett. 1994;16(2):183-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01021668
  54. Newkirk RW, Classen HL. The non-mineral nutritional impact of phytate in canola meal fed to broiler chicks. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2001;91(3):115-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00241-3
  55. European Food Safety Authority. Glucosinolates as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA J. 2008;590:1-76.
  56. Grala WL, Buraczewska J, Gdala, Pastuszewska B. Effect of toasting temperature on protein value of rapeseed oil meal for pigs. J Anim Feed Sci. 1994;3:33-42. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/69817/1994
  57. Pastuszewska B, Jablecki G, Buraczewska L, Dakowski P, Taciak M, Matyjek R, et al. The protein value of differently processed rapeseed solvent meal and cake assessed by in?vitro methods and in tests with rats. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2003;106:175-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00005-1
  58. Thacker PA, Newkirk RW. Performance of growing finishing pigs fed barley-based diets containing toasted or non-toasted canola meal. Can J Anim Sci. 2005;85:53-9. https://doi.org/10.4141/A04-056
  59. Montoya CA, Leterme P. Determination of the digestible energy and prediction of the net energy content of toasted and non-toasted canola meals from Brassica juncea and Brassica napus in growing pigs by the total faecal collection and the indigestible marker methods. Can J Anim Sci. 2009;89:481-7. https://doi.org/10.4141/CJAS09031
  60. Naczk M, Amarowicz R, Sullivan BA, Shahidi F. Current research developments on polyphenolics of rapeseed/canola: a review. J Food Chem. 1998;62(4):489-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00198-2
  61. Clark WD, Classen HL, Newkirk RW. Assessment of tail-end dehulled canola meal for use in broiler diets. Can J Anim Sci. 2001;81:379-86. https://doi.org/10.4141/A00-067
  62. Shires A, Bell JM, Laverty WH, Fedec P, Blake JA, McCregor DI. Effect of desolventization conditions and removal of fibrous material by screening on the nutritional value of canola rapeseed meal for broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 1983;62:2234-44. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0622234
  63. Newkirk RW, Classen HL, Tyler RT. Nutritional evaluation of low glucosinolate mustard meal (Brassica jtmcea) in broiler diets. Poult Sci. 1997;76:1272-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.9.1272
  64. Slominski BA. Developments in the breeding of low fiber rapeseed/canola. J Anim Feed Sci. 1997;6:303-17. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/69527/1997
  65. Smulikowska S, Pastuszewska B, Mieczkowska A, Ochtabinska A. Chemical composition, energy value for chickens, and protein utilization in rats of rapeseed expeller cakes produced by different pressing technologies. J Anim Feed Sci. 1997;6:109-21. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/69509/1997
  66. Barbour GW, Sim JS. True metabolizable energy and true amino acids availability in canola and flax products for poultry. Poult Sci. 1991;70:2154-60. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0702154
  67. Perez-Maldonado RA. Canola meal and cottonseed meal in broiler and layer diets. A report for the Australian Egg Corporation Limited. AECL Publication No. 03/10 (2003). https://www.aecl.org/assets/RD-files/Outputs-2/DAQ-264JA-Final-Report.pdf. Accessed 12 July 2015.
  68. Scott ML, Nesheim MC, Young RJ. Nutrition of the chicken. 3rd ed. M.L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, NY. 1982;99-100.
  69. Leclercq B, de Carville H. On the sulphur amino acid requirement of Muscovy ducklings. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde. 1977;41:270-2.
  70. Hsieh HH, Shen TF. Sulfur amino acid requirements of mule duckling. J Chinese Anim Sci. 1980;9:7-15.
  71. Chen XC, Parr P, Utterback, Parsons CM. Nutritional evaluation of canola meals produced from new varieties of canola seeds for poultry. Poult Sci. 2015;00:1-8.
  72. Ravindran V, Hew LI, Ravindran G, Bryden WL. Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in dietary ingredients for broiler chickens. Anim Sci. 2005;81:85-97.
  73. Mohamed K, Larbier M, Leclercq B. A comparative study of the digestibility of soya bean and cottonseed meal amino acids in domestic chicks and Muscovy ducklings. Ann Zootech. 1986;35:79-85. https://doi.org/10.1051/animres:19860106
  74. Adeola L. Midwest Poultry Research Program Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Feeds for White Pekin Ducks. http://www.mwpoultry.org/ProjectPDFs/07-16.pdf. Accessed 12 July 2015.
  75. Van der Meulen SJ, Dikken GD. Duck Keeping in the Tropics. Wageningen, Agromisa Foundation. 2004. http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/AD33.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2014.
  76. Ravi S, Peethambaran PA, Jalaludeen A, Leo J, Gangadevi P. Influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on production performance in indigenous layer ducks in cages. Proceeding of fourth World Waterfowl Conference. 2009;170-174. http://www.waterfowl2009.vetcos.com/proceedings%20-%20IV%20WWC%20-%20Kerala,%20India.pdf. Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  77. Dean WF, Scott ML, Young RJ, Ash WJ. Calcium requirement of ducklings. Poult Sci. 1967;46:1496-9. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0461496
  78. Leeson S, Atteh JO, Summers JD. The replacement value of canola meal for soybean meal in poultry diets. Can J Anim Sci. 1987;67:151-8. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-017
  79. Jamroz DA, Wiliczkiewicz, Skorupinska J. The effect of diets containing different levels of structural substances on morphological changes in the intestinal walls and the digestibility of the crude fiber fractions in geese. J Anim Feed Sci. 1992;1(3):37-50. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/69892/1992
  80. Naseem MZ, Khan SH, Yousaf M. Effect of feeding various levels of canola meal on the performance of broiler chicks. J Anim Pl Sci. 2006;16:3-4.
  81. Campbell LD, Slominski BA. Nutritive quality of low-glucosinolate meal for laying hens. Proc 8th Int Rapeseed Cong. 1991;2:442-7.
  82. Ciurescu G. Efficiency of soybean meal replacement by rapeseed meal and/or canola seeds in commercial layer diets. Archiva Zootechnica. 2009;12:27-33.
  83. Salmon RE, Gardiner EE, Klein KK, Larmond E. Effect of canola (low glucosinolate rapeseed) meal, protein and nutrient density on performance, carcass grade, and meat yield and of canola meal on sensory quality of broilers. Poult Sci. 1981;60:2519-28. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0602519
  84. Lee KH, Olomu JM, Sim JS. Live performance, carcass yield, protein and energy retention of broiler chickens fed canola and flax full-fat seeds and the restored mixtures of meal and oil. Can J Anim Sci. 1991;71:897-903. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-105
  85. Jia W, Slominski BA, Bruce HL, Blank G, Crow G, Jones O. Effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens during subclinical Clostridium perfringens challenge. Poult Sci. 2009;88:132-40. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00204
  86. Silva SD, Hesselman K, Aman P. Effects of water and beta-glucanase treatment on non-starch polysaccharides in endosperm of low and high viscous barley. Swed J Agric Res. 1983;13:211-9.
  87. Alloui MN, Szczurek W, Wiliczkiewicz SS. The usefulness of prebiotics and probiotics in modern poultry nutrition: review. Ann Anim Sci. 2013;13(1):17-32. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0055-x
  88. Bedford M, Apajalahti J. Microbial interactions in the response to exogenous enzyme utilization. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; 2001. p. 299-314.
  89. Slominski BA. Recent advances in research on enzymes for poultry diets. Poult Sci. 2011;90:2013-23. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-01372
  90. Jia W, Slominski BA, Guenter W, Humphreys A, Jones O. The effect of enzyme supplementation on egg production parameters and omega-3 fatty acid deposition in laying hens fed Flaxseed and Canola Seed. Poult Sci. 2008;87(10):2005-14. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00474
  91. Slominski BA. Enzyme hydrolysis products and yeast-derived products as prebiotics and natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters, Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba. 2014. http://en.engormix.com/MApoultry-industry/nutrition/articles/enzyme-hydrolysisproducts-yeast-t3043/141- p0.htm. Accessed 10 Jul 2014.
  92. Sugiharto S. Role of nutraceuticals in gut health and growth performance of poultry. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2014.06.001.

피인용 문헌

  1. Erratum to: A review of canola meal as an alternative feed ingredient for ducks vol.57, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-015-0071-3
  2. Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations vol.8, pp.12, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8120350
  3. Canola meal as an alternative dietary protein source in quail (Coturnix coturnix) diets - A review vol.68, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2019.1679873
  4. Biological response to quails (Coturnix coturnix) given hydrolyzed feather meal at different levels vol.1282, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1282/1/012100
  5. Effects of dietary humic acid and enzymes on meat quality and fatty acid profiles of broiler chickens fed canola-based diets vol.32, pp.5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0408
  6. Investigating the In Vitro Regeneration Potential of Commercial Cultivars of Brassica vol.8, pp.12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120558
  7. Expeller-Pressed Canola (Brassica napus) Meal Modulates the Structure and Function of the Cecal Microbiota, and Alters the Metabolome of the Pancreas, Liver, and Breast Muscle of Broiler Chickens vol.11, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020577
  8. True ileal calcium digestibility in soybean meal and canola meal, and true ileal phosphorous digestibility in maize-soybean meal and maize-canola meal diets, without and with microbial phytase, for br vol.62, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2020.1849559
  9. Effects of Dietary Rapeseed Meal on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Serum Parameters, and Intestinal Development of Geese vol.11, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061488
  10. A way forward for the South African quail sector as a potential contributor to food and nutrition security following the aftermath of COVID-19: a review vol.10, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00331-8