DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Endocrine Disruptors, Nonylphenol in Daphnia magna

물벼룩 (Daphnia magna)에서 내분비계장애물질인 노닐페놀의 영향

  • Cho, Taemin (Department of Life Science, Yong In University) ;
  • Kim, Pangyi (Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yong In University) ;
  • Kim, Saywa (Department of Life Science, Yong In University)
  • 조태민 (용인대학교 생명과학과) ;
  • 김판기 (용인대학교 산업환경보건학과) ;
  • 김세화 (용인대학교 생명과학과)
  • Received : 2015.11.27
  • Accepted : 2015.12.19
  • Published : 2015.12.31

Abstract

Nonylphenol is one of endocrine disruptors, as structurally stable, hydrophobic compounds exhibit high condensability and long-lasting in the natural environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effects of nonylphenol on Daphnia magna. In acute toxicity test, D. magna was exposed for 48 h at concentrations of 0, 10, 18, 32, 56 and $100{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ nonylphenol. In chronic toxicity test, D. magna were exposed through water for 21 days at concentrations of 0, 1.0, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6 and $10{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ nonylphenol. Acute toxicity was assessed on the basis of immobility, while chronic toxicity was assessed on the basis of fecundity. The acute toxicity test on nonylphenol was showed that the values of 24 h and 48 h $EC_{50}$ were $25.0{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and $13.7{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, respectively. In chronic test, fecundity was reduced significantly at $5.6{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ of nonylphenol. These results indicated that nonylphenol have some hazard for acute or chronic toxicity to freshwater invertebrate organism.

노닐페놀에 물벼룩을 노출하여 급성독성수치를 산출하고 만성독성을 조사하여 생존, 생식능, 성장에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 노닐페놀에 노출된 물벼룩의 급성독성 수치 $EC_{50}$은 용량의존적인 증가를 보였으며, 물벼룩의 일령 증가에 의한 $EC_{50}$의 증가 폭은 크지 않았다. 만성독성시험에 의한 생존률은 최고농도인 $10{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$에서 90%로 관찰되어 대조군과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 대조군과 비교하여 고농도에서 총 출산한 새끼수, 출산횟수가 감소하며, 첫 출산까지 걸리는 시간이 늘어나는 경향이 관찰되었고 NOEC와 LOEC는 각각 $3.2{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, $5.6{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$로 산출되었다. 또한 체장 측정 결과 대조군에 비해 노닐페놀 노출군에서 농도가 증가할수록 성장이 저해되는 양상이 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 노닐페놀이 물벼룩의 생식을 저해시키는 물질로 작용했음을 알 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Bang HW, WC Lee, SH Lee and IS Kwak. 2008. Life Cycle, Morphology and Gene Expression of Harpacticoid Copepod, Tigriopus japonicas s.l. Exposed to 4-nonylphenol. Korean J. Limnol. 41:81-89.
  2. Campos B, B Pina, S Fernandez, S Lacorte and C Barata. 2012. Enhanced offspring production in Daphnia magna clones exposed to serotonin reuptake inhibitors and 4-nonylphenol. Stage- and food-dependent effects. Aquat. Toxicol. 109:100-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.12.003
  3. Cho HK, JH Jung, JY Lee, MH Kim and CH Han. 2006. Effect of 4-Nonylphenol on the Gene Expression of Retinol-Binding Protein in the Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Dev. Reprod. 10:177-184.
  4. Cho NG, JY Guk, CW Lee, HM Kim, KH Choi, KH Chung, JC Kang and JS Lee. 2007. Change of Reproductive Indicator of the Crucian Carp, Carassius auratus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) Long-term Exposed to Nonylphenol. J. Environ. Toxicol. 22:235-245.
  5. Choi SB, HS Lee and YG Kim. 2007. Human and Environment. Donghwa Technology Publishing Co. 264-270pp.
  6. Comber MHI, TD Williams and KM Stewart. 1993. The Effects of Nonylphenol on Daphnia magna. War. Res. 27:273-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(93)90086-W
  7. LeBlanc GA, X Mu and CV Rider. 2000. Embryotoxicity of the Alkylphenol Degradation Product 4-Nonylphenol to the Crustacean Daphnia magna. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:1133-1138. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.001081133
  8. Ham YK, SJ Oh and SW Kim. 2004. Monitoring of Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol in Waterworks System of Seoul, Korea. Analytic. Sci. Technol. 17:423-433.
  9. Hwang IJ, HB Kim and HJ Baek. 2008. Effects of Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol on In Vitro Steroid Production in Matured Oocyte of Greenlings, Hexagrammos agrammus. Dev. Reprod. 12:275-281.
  10. Janicki T, M Krupinski and J Dlugonski. 2015. Degradation and toxicity reduction of the endocrine disruptors nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-cumylphenol by the non-ligninolytic fungus Umbelopsis isabellina. Bioresour. Technol. 200:223-229.
  11. Ju MJ, BK Min, DJ Kim, JH Lee, JR Cha and HS Cho. 2014. Distribution of organotins, NP and BPA in sediment of intertidal zone around the south coast of Korea. J. Korean Assoc. Ocean Sc. Technol. Soc. 2270pp.
  12. Kim JH and MH Yoon. 2014. Effects of 4-t-octylphenol and Nonylphenol on the Reproduction of the Striped Field Mouse. J. Environ. Sci. Int. 23:313-322. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2014.23.2.313
  13. Kim KT, JG Cho, JH Yoon, CW Lee, KH Choi, HM Kim and JS Ryu. 2010. Toxicity Evaluation of Perfluorinated Compounds Using Daphnia magna. Environ. Health Toxicol. 25:153-159.
  14. Kim MY, OY Kim, HJ Kim, JO Shin, HY Lee, US Jin and YM Ha. 2004. Biology concepts & connections. Life Science Publishing Co. 443-444pp.
  15. Kim SY, DM Kim, YM Kim, YH Chung, SJ Hong, WC Lee and KJ Roh. 2012. A study of the distribution and transport of Nonylphenol on the Suyeong river mouth. J. Korean Soc. Mar. Environ. Saf. 387-388pp.
  16. Korea Ministry of Environment. 2012. Chemical emissions, the amount of movement Investigation Report. 28-29pp.
  17. Korea Ministry of Environment. 2014. Chemical emissions, the amount of movement Investigation Report. 32-33pp.
  18. Korea Ministry of Environment. 2015. Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances.
  19. Korea Ministry of Health & Welfare. 2013. PUBLIC HEALTH CONTROL ACT.
  20. Korsman JC, AM Schipper, MG Vos, MG Heuvel-Greve, AD Vethaak, PD Voogt and AJ Hendriks. 2015. Modeling bioaccumulation and biomagnification of nonylphenol and its ethoxylates in estuarine-marine food chains. Chemosphere 138:33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.040
  21. Lee CC, LY Jiang, YL Kuo, CY Chen, CY Hsieh, CF Hung and CJ Tien. 2015. Characteristics of nonylphenol and bisphenol A accumulation by Fish and implications for ecological and human health. Sci. Total Environ. 502:417-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.042
  22. Lee CW, SY Park, JH Yun, KH Choi, YH Ghung and HM Kim. 2005. Risk Assessment of Soil through Earthworm Toxicity Test of Nonylphenol and Bisphenol A. J. Environ. Toxicol. 20:279-286.
  23. Lee JH, HS Cho, SW Seol, CR Cho and YO Kim. 2004. Contaminations of organotin compounds, nonylphenol and bisphenol-A in sediments of Masan bay. J. Korean Soc. Mar. Environ. Engin. 4:28-35.
  24. Lee JH, HO Lee, BH Kim, T Katano, SO Hwang, DH Kim and MS Han. 2007. Effects of Nonylphenol on the Population Growth of Algae, Heterotrophic Nanoflagellate and Zooplankton. Korean J. Limnol. 40:379-386.
  25. Liu Y, X Dai and J Wei. 2013. Toxicity of the xenoestrogen nonylphenol and its biodegradation by the alga Cyclotella caspia. J. Environ. Sci. 25:1662-1671. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60182-X
  26. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 1998. OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals; Daphnia magna Reproduction Test (TG211).
  27. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2004. OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals; Daphnia sp., Acute immobilisation test (TG202).
  28. Park JS and JS Lee. 2011. Change of Reproductive and Histological Biomarkers of Ruditapes philippinarum (Bivalvia: Veneridae) Exposed to Nonylphenol. Korean J. Malacol. 27:181-190. https://doi.org/10.9710/kjm.2011.27.3.181
  29. Park KI and YH Bae. 2012. Effect of endocrine disrupter, Nonylphenol and DEHP (Di-(2ethylhexyl)phatalate) on the cocoon production and the hatchability of Eisenia fetida (Ennelida; Oligochaeta). J. KORRA. 20:89-95.
  30. Preuss TG, M Telscher and HT Ratte. 2008. Life stage- dependent bioconcentration of a nonylphenol isomer in Daphnia magna. Environ. Pollut. 156:1211-1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.018
  31. Riva C, C Porte, A Binelli and A Provini. 2010. Evaluation of 4-nonylphenol in vivo exposure in Dreissena polymorpha: Bioaccumulation, steroid levels and oxidative stress. Comp. Biochem. Phys. C. 152:175-181.
  32. Robertson LS and SD McCormick. 2012. The effect of nonylphenol on gene expression in Atlantic salmon smolts. Aquat. Toxicol. 122-123:36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.009
  33. Schwaiger J, OH Spieser, C Bauer, H Ferling, U Mallow, W Kalbfus and RD Negele. 2000. Chronic toxicity of nonylphenol and ethinylestradiol: haematological and histopathological effects in juvenile Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquat. Toxicol. 51:69-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00098-9
  34. Soares A, B Guieysse, B Jefferson, E Cartmell and JN Lester. 2008. Nonylphenol in the environment: A critical review on occurrence, fate, toxicity and treatment in wastewaters. Environ. Int. 34:1033-1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.01.004
  35. Sung HH and YZ Ye. 2009. Effect of nonylphenol on giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) via oral treatment: Toxicity and messenger RNA expression of hemocyte genes. Aquat. Toxicol. 91:270-277 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.11.017
  36. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving water to freshwater and marine organisms.
  37. Zhang L, Gibble R and KN Baer. 2003. The effects of 4-nonylphenol and ethanol on acute toxicity, embryo development, and reproduction in Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 55:330-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-6513(02)00081-7