DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Use of vitamin and mineral supplements and related variables among university students in Seoul

서울 일부지역 대학생의 비타민·무기질 보충제 섭취 실태 및 관련요인에 관한 연구

  • Choi, Jung-Hwa (Department of Food and Nutrition, Soongeui Womens' College) ;
  • Je, Youjin (Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University)
  • 최정화 (숭의여자대학교 식품영양과) ;
  • 제유진 (경희대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2015.05.07
  • Accepted : 2015.07.23
  • Published : 2015.08.31

Abstract

Purpose: Despite the popularity of dietary supplements, little data are available on their use by university students. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of vitamin mineral supplements and to identify factors related to supplement use among university students. Methods: University students (N = 345) in Seoul were surveyed. Survey questions included descriptive demographics, types of vitamin and mineral supplements used, health related lifestyle factors, mini dietary assessment, and knowledge and behaviors related to supplement use. Results: Of university students surveyed, 41% consumed vitamin and mineral supplements. Among the supplement users, multivitamins were the most commonly used dietary supplements (68.6%), followed by vitamin C (31.4%) and calcium (17.1%). In particular, the use of vitamin C and iron supplements was more common in females than males (p < 0.05). For the number of supplements taken daily, 32.1% of supplement users consumed 2 or more supplements; 20% of supplement users had almost no knowledge of the supplements being taken. Based on the results of multivariable logistic regression analysis, supplement use was associated with higher interest in their own health, non-smoker, and supplement use by family (p < 0.05). In addition, supplement use was slightly associated with healthy dietary behavior such as consuming a variety of foods (p = 0.05) and current disease status (p = 0.05). Conclusion: University students with relatively healthy lifestyles appear to take vitamin and mineral supplements, but they had little knowledge of the supplements. Given high prevalence of dietary supplement use among university students, nutrition education regarding supplement use is needed.

본 연구는 서울 일부지역 대학교에 재학중인 345명의 한국인 대학생 남녀를 대상으로 비타민 무기질 보충제 섭취실태 및 관련요인을 파악하고자 실시되었으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 전체조사대상자의 비타민 무기질 보충제 섭취율은 40.9%, 남학생의 섭취율은 40.2%, 여학생의 섭취율은 41.3%를 보였다. 2. 응답자들은 식품영양 전공자 인 경우 (p = 0.046), 그리고 가족들이 비타민 무기질 보충제를 섭취하고 있을수록 (p < 0.001) 비타민 무기질 보충제의 섭취율이 높았다. 3. 건강관련요인과 비타민 무기질 보충제 섭취와의 관계를 보면, 비흡연자 일수록 (p = 0.004), 현재 질병을 가지고 있을수록 (p = 0.039), 그리고 본인의 건강에 대한 관심이 높을수록 (p = 0.001) 조사대상자의 비타민 무기질 보충제 섭취율이 높았다. 4. 비타민 무기질 보충제 섭취군이 비섭취군보다 식사할 때 음식에 소금이나 간장을 더 넣지 않는 등 짜지 않게 먹는 식습관을 갖고 있었고 (p = 0.003) 다양한 음식을 섭취하는 것으로 나타나는 등 (p = 0.003) 전반적인 식생활 총점이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다 (p = 0.016). 5. 종합비타민제의 섭취율이 가장 높았고 (68.6%), 그 다음이 비타민 C제 (31.4%) > 칼슘제 (17.1%) > 종합비타민-무기질제 (10.7%) > 철분제 (9.3%)순으로 높게 나타났다. 비타민 C제 (p = 0.041)와 철분제 (p = 0.008)의 경우 여성의 섭취율이 남성에 비해 유의적으로 많음을 보였다. 하루에 섭취하고 있는 비타민 무기질 보충제의 개수에 있어서 67.9%가 한 종류를 섭취한다고 조사되었으나, 하루에 두 종류 이상의 복용자도 32.1%에 해당했다. 섭취기간은 한 달~6개월 미만 복용자가 46.0%로 가장 많았으며, 6개월~1년 미만 15.1%, 그리고 1년 이상 복용하고 있는 학생들도 7.9%를 나타냈다. 6. 보충제 섭취군은 비타민 무기질 보충제 성분의 효능에 대해 62.1%가 '조금 아는 편이다', 20.0% 는 '전혀 모른다'고 답하였고, 보충제 구입은 34.3%가 본인이 구매하고 있으며, 65.7%의 응답자는 대부분 가족 또는 부모님이 비타민 무기질 보충제를 구매하는 것으로 나타났다. 7. 보충제 섭취자들은 비타민 무기질 보충제 섭취 후 부작용을 경험하지 않았고 (97.9%), 섭취 후 개선점이 있는지에 관해 57.9%는 개선된 점이 없다고 답했으며, 앞으로의 복용계획에 대해서 계속 복용하겠다 라고 응답한 사람은 79.3%였다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 본인의 건강에 대한 관심이 높을수록 비타민 무기질 보충제를 섭취하는 비율이 높았음을 알 수 있었고, 하루에 한 종류의 보충제를 섭취하는 비율이 가장 높았으나, 하루에 여러 종류의 비타민 무기질 보충제를 섭취하고 있는 대학생들도 있음을 알 수 있었다. 섭취되는 보충제의 종류는 종합비타민제가 가장 많았으며 그 다음으로 비타민 C가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 비타민 C제와 철분제의 경우 여성의 섭취율이 남성보다 높게 나타났다. 또한, 건강한 식행동을 갖고 있는 조사대상자들의 영양보충제 섭취율이 더 높게 나타나서 실제로 다양한 음식으로부터 충분한 영양소를 섭취하고 있는 대상자들이 별도로 비타민 무기질 보충제를 섭취하고 있음을 파악할 수 있었다. 섭취자의 대다수가 복용 후 개선된 점이 없다고 응답하였으나, 앞으로도 계속해서 복용하겠다고 응답한 사람이 많았다. 식품을 통한 영양소 섭취가 충분함에도 불구하고, 보충제를 통한 영양소의 과다섭취가 장기간 지속될시 건강상에 위해한 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 본인이 섭취하고 있는 비타민 무기질 보충제의 효능에 대해서 정확히 아는 사람들이 적은 것을 감안할 때, 학생들을 대상으로 한 영양 보충제에 관한 지식전달이 미흡한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 가족의 섭취유무가 조사대상자의 비타민 무기질 보충제 섭취유무에 큰 영향을 미치고, 정보원은 대부분 가족 및 친지이며, 가족 및 부모님이 구매하는 경우가 많았기 때문에, 학생들을 대상으로 한 올바른 영양교육이 실시되어야 하겠다. 대학생들이 쉽게 접할 수 있는 영양교육 프로그램의 개발이 요구되며 학교 내 교양수업의 개설을 통해 교육의 기회가 제공되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Nutrition Business Journal (US). NBJ's supplement business report 2012 [Internet]. Boulder (CO): Penton; 2012 [cited 2014 Mar 2]. Available from: http://newhope360.com/site-files/newhope360.com/files/uploads/2013/04/TOC_-SUMM120928.supp%20report%20FINAL%20standard.pdf.
  2. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (KR). '13 Health functional food actual output report materials [Internet]. Cheongju: Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 2014 [cited 2014 Aug 14]. Available from: http://foodnara.go.kr/hfoodi/main/sub.jsp?Mode=view&boardID=home&num=432&tpage=1&keyfield=&key=&bCate=.
  3. Radimer K, Bindewald B, Hughes J, Ervin B, Swanson C, Picciano MF. Dietary supplement use by US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160(4): 339-349. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh207
  4. Murphy SP, White KK, Park SY, Sharma S. Multivitamin-multimineral supplements' effect on total nutrient intake. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85(1): 280S-284S.
  5. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2012: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-3). Cheongwon: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2013
  6. Yi HH, Park HA, Kang JH, Kang JH, Kim KW, Cho YG, Song HR, Lee JS. What types of dietary supplements are used in Korea? data from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2005. Korean J Fam Med 2009; 30(12): 934-943. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.12.934
  7. Kim YJ, Mun JA, Min H. Supplement dose and health-related life style of vitamin-mineral supplement user among Korean middleaged. Korean J Community Nutr 2004; 9(3): 303-314.
  8. Lee HS, Han JH, Kim SH. A survey on the consumption of vitamin and mineral supplements as health functional foods and related factors by Korean adolescents. Korean J Food Cult 2013; 28(4): 415-423. https://doi.org/10.7318/KJFC/2013.28.4.415
  9. Lee J, Kim D, Lee Y, Koh E, Jang Y, Lee H, Jang Y, Kim CI. Influencing factors on the dietary supplements consumption among children in Korea. Korean J Community Nutr 2011; 16(6): 740-750. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.740
  10. Kim MK, Choi BY, Lee SS. A study on the nutrient supplements usage and related factors in Seoul, Korea. Korean J Nutr 1992; 25(3): 264-274.
  11. Mursu J, Robien K, Harnack LJ, Park K, Jacobs DR Jr. Dietary supplements and mortality rate in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171(18): 1625-1633. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.445
  12. Kim SH. A study on the use of health functional foods and its related influencing factors of university students in Korea. Korean J Food Cult 2010; 25(2): 150-159.
  13. Jin YH, You KH. A study on the eating habit and eating out behavior of the university students in the Gyeonggi area. Korean J Community Nutr 2010; 15(5): 687-693.
  14. Kim SH. Patterns of vitamin/mineral supplements usage among the middle-aged in Korea. Korean J Nutr 1994; 27(3): 236-252.
  15. Song BC, Kim MK. Patterns of vitamin/mineral supplement use among preschool children in Korea. Korean J Nutr 1998; 31(6): 1066-1075.
  16. Cho MS, Kang NE, Yang EJ, Kang MH, Chung HK. Patterns of health foods usage by food lifestyle of the adults in Seoul. Korean J Diet Cult 2001; 16(3): 195-202.
  17. Koo NS, Park JY. Consumption aspects of health supplements or health foods by adult male and female in Daejon. J Korean Living Sci Assoc 2001; 10(2): 205-213.
  18. Yoo YJ, Hong WS, Choi YS. The experience of nutrient supplement use among adults in the Seoul area. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2001; 30(2): 357-363.
  19. Yoo YJ, Hong WS, Youn SJ, Choi YS. The experience of health food usage for adults in Seoul. Korean J Soc Food Cookery Sci 2002; 18(2): 136-146.
  20. Kim WY, Cho MS, Lee HS. Development and validation of mini dietary assessment index for Koreans. Korean J Nutr 2003; 36(1): 83-92.
  21. Kim SY, You JS, Chang KJ. Consumption of health functional food and dietary habits, nutrient intake and dietary quality of college students in Incheon. Korean J Nutr 2013; 46(2): 166-176. https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2013.46.2.166
  22. Lee HS, Han JH, Kim SH. Prevalence of vitamin, mineral supplement use and its related factors among Korean adolescents. J Nutr Health 2013; 46(6): 552-559. https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2013.46.6.552
  23. Bailey RL, Gahche JJ, Lentino CV, Dwyer JT, Engel JS, Thomas PR, Betz JM, Sempos CT, Picciano MF. Dietary supplement use in the United States, 2003-2006. J Nutr 2011; 141(2): 261-266. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.133025
  24. Lieberman HR, Marriott BP, Williams C, Judelson DA, Glickman EL, Geiselman PJ, Dotson L, Mahoney CR. Patterns of dietary supplement use among college students. Clin Nutr. Forthcoming 2014.
  25. Ishihara J, Sobue T, Yamamoto S, Sasaki S, Tsugane S; JPHC Study Group. Demographics, lifestyles, health characteristics, and dietary intake among dietary supplement users in Japan. Int J Epidemiol 2003; 32(4): 546-553. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg091
  26. Kim SH, Han JH, Kim WY. Health functional food use and related variables among the middle-aged in Korea. Korean J Nutr 2010; 43(3): 294-303. https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2010.43.3.294
  27. Willett W, Sampson L, Bain C, Rosner B, Hennekens CH, Witschie J, Speizer FE. Vitamin supplement use among registered nurses. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34(6): 1121-1125. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/34.6.1121
  28. Lee YO, Song YJ. Sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and nutrient intake by taking vitamin/mineral supplements. Korean J Food Cult 2010; 25(4): 480-486.
  29. Frank E, Bendich A, Denniston M. Use of vitamin-mineral supplements by female physicians in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72(4): 969-975. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.4.969
  30. Harrison RA, Holt D, Pattison DJ, Elton PJ. Are those in need taking dietary supplements? A survey of 21 923 adults. Br J Nutr 2004; 91(4): 617-623. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20031076
  31. Jasti S, Siega-Riz AM, Bentley ME. Dietary supplement use in the context of health disparities: cultural, ethnic and demographic determinants of use. J Nutr 2003; 133(6): 2010S-2013S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.6.2010S
  32. Rock CL. Multivitamin-multimineral supplements: who uses them? Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85(1): 277S-279S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.1.277S
  33. Patterson RE, Neuhouser ML, Hedderson MM, Schwartz SM, Standish LJ, Bowen DJ. Changes in diet, physical activity, and supplement use among adults diagnosed with cancer. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103(3): 323-328. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50045
  34. Kirk SF, Cade JE, Barrett JH, Conner M. Diet and lifestyle characteristics associated with dietary supplement use in women. Public Health Nutr 1999; 2(1): 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980099000099
  35. Knudsen VK, Rasmussen LB, Haraldsdottir J, Ovesen L, Bulow I, Knudsen N, Jorgensen T, Laurberg P, Perrild H. Use of dietary supplements in Denmark is associated with health and former smoking. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5(3): 463-468. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHNPHN2001276
  36. Reinert A, Rohrmann S, Becker N, Linseisen J. Lifestyle and diet in people using dietary supplements: a German cohort study. Eur J Nutr 2007; 46(3): 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-007-0650-2
  37. Chung KH, Shin KO, Jung TH, Choi KS, Jeon WM, Chung DK, Lee DS. Study on the dietary habit, nutrient intake, and health status according to their majors among college women in Sahmyook University. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2010; 39(6): 826-836. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2010.39.6.826
  38. Marques-Vidal P. Vitamin supplement usage and nutritional knowledge in a sample of Portuguese health science students. Nutr Res 2004; 24(2): 165-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2003.10.001
  39. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti M, Hartman AM, Palmgren J, Freedman LS, Haapakoski J, Barrett MJ, Pietinen P, Malila N, Tala E, Liippo K, Salomaa ER, Tangrea JA, Teppo L, Askin FB, Taskinen E, Erozan Y, Greenwald P, Huttunen JK. Alpha-Tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88(21): 1560-1570. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/88.21.1560
  40. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Valanis B, Williams JH, Barnhart S, Hammar S. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334(18): 1150-1155. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199605023341802
  41. Lee DH, Folsom AR, Harnack L, Halliwell B, Jacobs DR Jr. Does supplemental vitamin C increase cardiovascular disease risk in women with diabetes? Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80(5): 1194-1200. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1194
  42. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007; 297(8): 842-857. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.8.842
  43. Gardiner P, Sarma DN, Low Dog T, Barrett ML, Chavez ML, Ko R, Mahady GB, Marles RJ, Pellicore LS, Giancaspro GI. The state of dietary supplement adverse event reporting in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2008; 17(10): 962-970. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.1627
  44. Haller C, Kearney T, Bent S, Ko R, Benowitz N, Olson K. Dietary supplement adverse events: report of a one-year poison center surveillance project. J Med Toxicol 2008; 4(2): 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160960
  45. Rasmussen CB, Glisson JK, Minor DS. Dietary supplements and hypertension: potential benefits and precautions. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012; 14(7): 467-471. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012.00642.x
  46. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Reid IR. Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Ann Intern Med 2014; 160(9): 655-656. https://doi.org/10.7326/L14-5009-3

Cited by

  1. 간호대학생의 건강기능식품 관련 지식정도 및 교육 요구도 조사 vol.17, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2017.17.02.349
  2. 건강행태와 영양제 복용 유무의 관련성 vol.18, pp.11, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5762/kais.2017.18.11.498
  3. The Association Between Health Conditions, Consciousness, Involvement, and Knowledge and Dietary Supplement Intake among University Students in South Korea vol.16, pp.20, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204028
  4. Relationship among Health Interest, Depression and Dietary Habits of College Students according to Sex in Seoul and Gyeonggi Areas vol.31, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.17495/easdl.2021.8.31.4.213