Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Characterization of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer): History, preparation method, and chemical composition

  • Lee, Sang Myung (Division of Biomedicinal and Cosmetics, College of Sciences & Technology, Mokwon University) ;
  • Bae, Bong-Seok (Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corp.) ;
  • Park, Hee-Weon (Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corp.) ;
  • Ahn, Nam-Geun (Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corp.) ;
  • Cho, Byung-Gu (Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corp.) ;
  • Cho, Yong-Lae (Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corp.) ;
  • Kwak, Yi-Seong (Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corp.)
  • Received : 2015.01.15
  • Accepted : 2015.04.30
  • Published : 2015.10.15
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Abstract

It has been reported that Korean Red Ginseng has been manufactured for 1,123 y as described in the GoRyeoDoGyeong record. The Korean Red Ginseng manufactured by the traditional preparation method has its own chemical component characteristics. The ginsenoside content of the red ginseng is shown as Rg1: 3.3 mg/g, Re: 2.0 mg/g, Rb1: 5.8 mg/g, Rc:1.7 mg/g, Rb2: 2.3 mg/g, and Rd: 0.4 mg/g, respectively. It is known that Korean ginseng generally consists of the main root and the lateral or fine roots at a ratio of about 75:25. Therefore, the red ginseng extract is prepared by using this same ratio of the main root and lateral or fine roots and processed by the historical traditional medicine prescription. The red ginseng extract is prepared through a water extraction ($90^{\circ}C$ for 14-16 h) and concentration process (until its final concentration is 70-73 Brix at $50-60^{\circ}C$). The ginsenoside contents of the red ginseng extract are shown as Rg1: 1.3 mg/g, Re: 1.3 mg/g, Rb1: 6.4 mg/g, Rc:2.5 mg/g, Rb2: 2.3 mg/g, and Rd: 0.9 mg/g, respectively. Arginine-fructose-glucose (AFG) is a specific amino-sugar that can be produced by chemical reaction of the process when the fresh ginseng is converted to red ginseng. The content of AFG is 1.0-1.5% in red ginseng. Acidic polysaccharide, which has been known as an immune activator, is at levels of 4.5-7.5% in red ginseng. Therefore, we recommended that the chemical profiles of Korean Red Ginseng made through the defined traditional method should be well preserved and it has had its own chemical characteristics since its traditional development.

Keywords

References

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  76. Panax ginseng-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Facilitate Anti-Senescence Effects in Human Skin Cells: An Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Way to Use Ginseng Substances vol.10, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030486
  77. Gut Microbiome Prolongs an Inhibitory Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on High-Fat-Diet-Induced Mouse Obesity vol.13, pp.3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030926
  78. Correlation between the Content and Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenosides from Four Different Preparation of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer in Rats vol.12, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.5478/msl.2021.12.1.16
  79. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng and Rg3 on Asian Sand Dust-Induced MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC8 Expression in Bronchial Epithelial Cells vol.26, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072002
  80. Description and Analysis of Glycosidic Residues in the Largest Open Natural Products Database vol.11, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040486
  81. Protocol Optimization of Proteomic Analysis of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) vol.8, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8040053
  82. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on metabolic syndrome vol.45, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.11.002
  83. Examining the Effects of Herbs on Testosterone Concentrations in Men: A Systematic Review vol.12, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa134
  84. Effect of Ginsenoside Rc on the Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid, a UGT1A9 Substrate, and its Glucuronide Metabolite in Rats vol.12, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.5478/msl.2021.12.2.53
  85. Korean red ginseng induces extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and MCF‐10A non‐malignant breast cells vol.47, pp.8, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14826
  86. High-Throughput Phenotyping Approach for the Evaluation of Heat Stress in Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) Using a Hyperspectral Reflectance Image vol.21, pp.16, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165634
  87. Co-Fermentation by Lactobacillus brevis B7 Improves the Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Hydroponic Ginseng-Fortified Yogurt vol.10, pp.9, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091447
  88. Genetically Encoded Sensor Cells for the Screening of Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) Effectors in Herbal Extracts vol.11, pp.9, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090341
  89. Korean Red Ginseng Ameliorates Fatigue via Modulation of 5-HT and Corticosterone in a Sleep-Deprived Mouse Model vol.13, pp.9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093121
  90. Network Pharmacology of Red Ginseng (Part I): Effects of Ginsenoside Rg5 at Physiological and Sub-Physiological Concentrations vol.14, pp.10, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14100999
  91. Network Pharmacology of Ginseng (Part II): The Differential Effects of Red Ginseng and Ginsenoside Rg5 in Cancer and Heart Diseases as Determined by Transcriptomics vol.14, pp.10, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14101010
  92. Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Ginsenosides in a Phytoadaptogene Composition with Antitumor Properties vol.55, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0040579521050225
  93. Isolation and Identification of Non-Conjugated Linoleic Acid from Processed Panax ginseng Using LC-MS/MS and 1H-NMR vol.8, pp.11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8110208
  94. Korean red ginseng alleviate depressive disorder by improving astrocyte gap junction function vol.281, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114466
  95. A novel strategy for the discovery and validation of allergic component and its action mechanism in Red Ginseng vol.87, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2021.104813
  96. Characterization of hyperglycemia due to sub-chronic administration of red ginseng extract via comparative global proteomic analysis vol.11, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91664-8
  97. Characterization of Novel Lactobacillus paracasei HY7017 Capable of Improving Physiological Properties and Immune Enhancing Effects Using Red Ginseng Extract vol.7, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7040238
  98. P2Y12 antagonists: Approved drugs, potential naturally isolated and synthesised compounds, and related in-silico studies vol.227, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113924
  99. Effect of steam-processing of the Panax ginseng root on its inducible activity on granulocyte-colony stimulating factor secretion in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro vol.287, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114927